Kupu Whakataki

I te tau 2024, ko ngā mate ōhanga tika i puta mai i ngā whiunga uira puta noa i te ao i eke ki te 4.7 piriona tāra US, ā, tata ki te 60% o ēnei mate i ahu mai i te koretake o te tiaki i ngā pūnaha hiko. Hei taputapu matua mō te ātete i ngā ngaru hiko, ko te kounga o te tāutanga o ngā taputapu tiaki ngaru hiko (SPD) e whakatau tika ana i te pono o te pūnaha hiko katoa. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mea ngaro o te tāutanga o tēnei "kaitiaki hiko", ka ārahi i a koe i roto i tētahi otinga whānui mai i te kaupapa matua ki te tono mahi.

Ⅰ. Te mārama ki te "Pūrere Ārai Ngaru (SPD)"

I roto i tētahi pokapū raraunga i Dubai, i pakaru katoa tētahi rōpū tūmau e rua miriona tāra te uara i te whatitiri nā te mea kāore i whakauruhia he SPD ki roto. E whakaatu ana tēnei take tūturu i te tūranga matua o ngā parenga ngaru i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko hou.

1.1 He aha te ārai ngaru hiko?

Ko te SPD he "takirere ngaohiko atamai". Ina kitea he ngaohiko teitei rerekē, ka taea e ia te whakatū i tētahi ara tuku i roto i te wā nanohekona (he miriona ngā wā tere atu i te kimo o te tangata). He rerekē ki ngā kaiwawao ara iahiko noa, he mea hanga motuhake hei whakahaere i ngā pikinga ngaohiko tino poto (taumata-maikorohekona) engari he tino kaha.

1.2 Ngā pūtake nui e toru me ārai

• Te haruru o te taiao: Ka taea e te ngaohiko nui i puta mai i te uira te whakaputa i te iahiko o te 100,000 amperes i roto i te wā poto.

• Ngā raruraru huna i roto i te whatunga hiko: Ko te nui rawa o te ngaohiko e hua mai ana i te tīmatanga me te mutunga o ngā taputapu nui ka puta pinepine i ngā wāhi ahumahi.

• Te whara i a koe anō o te pūnaha: Te kaha rawa o te ngaohiko i puta mai i te whakawhiti o ngā pūnga me ngā inductors.

Tuarua. Te hura i te Tikanga "Whakautu Taumahatanga" o te SPD

E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau i whakahaerehia e te Whare Taiwhanga Hiko o te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich, mā te whakamahi i tētahi kaupapa tiaki taumata-toru, arā, te Momo 1, te Momo 2, me te Momo 3, ka taea te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te kino o ngā taputapu mā te 98%. He rite tēnei hanganga "parepare papa-maha" ki te hanga i ngā pare ahi e toru mō te pūnaha hiko.

2.1 Te whakataurite i ngā mātāpono mahi o ngā wāhanga matua

2.2 Te rautaki "tiakitanga ā-papa" kāore i te tino mōhiotia

E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau i whakahaerehia e te Whare Taiwhanga Hiko o te Whare Wānanga Hangarau o Munich, mā te whakamahi i tētahi kaupapa tiaki taumata-toru, arā, te Momo 1, te Momo 2, me te Momo 3, ka taea te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te kino o ngā taputapu mā te 98%. He rite tēnei hanganga "parepare papa-maha" ki te hanga i ngā pare ahi e toru mō te pūnaha hiko.

Ⅲ. Mahanga kōwhiringa: 90% o ngā kaiwhakamahi e kore e aro ki ngā kaupapa matua

I whiriwhiria e tētahi hōhipera i Singapore te tauira SPD hē, ā, i hua ake ai te kino tonu o ngā taputapu MRI e hia tekau miriona te uara i te wā o te whatitiri. E whakaatu ana tēnei akoranga mamae i te hiranga o te whiriwhiri tauira.

3.1 Ngā Hapa Kōwhiringa Mate Nui e Whā

- Whakaaro Hē 1: Te arotahi noa ki te utu me te kore e aro ki te uara Whakarunga (I kati tetahi wheketere nā te penapena utu $300, ā, i mate ai te whakaputanga $230,000)

- Whakaaro Hē 2: Te kore aro ki te awe o te pāmahana taiao (I rahua wawetia tētahi SPD i roto i tētahi kaupapa i te Middle East nā te pāmahana teitei)

- Whakaaro Hē 3: Te Whakapoauau i ngā tawhā In me Imax (ka puta he rohe matapo tiaki)

- Whakaaro Hē 4: Ngā pūnaha whenua kore hototahi (ka puta te āhuatanga "ka kino haere te parepare ina nui ake te tiakitanga")

3.2 Tātai kōwhiringa i tūtohutia e ngā tohunga

Tauira SPD e tika ana = (Uara ngaohiko ātete taputapu × 0.7)

Ⅳ. Te Mahi Tāutanga: He Mahi Hangarau Whakahihiri

E ai ki te pukapuka tāutanga a te Kamupene Hiko Hiko o Tōkyō, mā te raupapatanga waea hē ka taea te whakaiti i te whai huatanga o te SPD mā te 70%. Ko te mea e whai ake nei he tukanga paerewa kua whakamātauhia i roto i te mara mō ngā tau 20.

4.1 Tikanga Tāutanga Koura e Ono-Taumata

• Whakaū i te korenga o te hiko: Whakamahia te tikanga whakaū takirua (kotahi te tangata e whakahaere, ko tētahi e tirotiro)

• Kōwhiringa tūranga: Kaua e neke atu i te 0.5 mita te tawhiti mai i te pūmau whenua (mēnā ka nui ake te tawhiti i tēnei, me whakanui ake te whānui o te waea)

• Whakaritenga wāhanga: Whakamahia te waehere tae me te mita maha mō te whakaū takirua

• Tukanga hononga: Whakamahia he pliers waipēhi hei whakakoi, ā, karohia te takai ngāwari

• Te tukatuka whenua: Hurihia te mata pa kia kitea rā anō te kanapa o te konganuku

• Whakamātautau mahi: Whakamahia te whakamātautau SPD motuhake

4.2 Te Tātari i ngā Take Hapa Noa

- Take 1: I rahua te pokapū raraunga ki te mahi i te hononga ōrite-pūmanawa, ā, i rahua te SPD.

- Take 2: I te wā i tāutahia ai i te taha whakarara, kāore i whakaarohia te tawhiti wetewete, ā, ka puta he rohe matapo tiaki.

- Take 3: Nā te whakamahinga o ngā waea whenua matua konumohe i hua ai te waikura me te ara iahiko poto.

Ⅴ. Mā ēnei taipitopito e whakatau te oranga me te matenga o te SPD

5.1 Ngā mea e ono hei karo i roto i te taiao tāutanga

- Kaua e tāuta i roto i te 1 mita te tawhiti atu i tētahi pūtake wiri.

- Kaua e tāpirihia ki ngā hau waikura.

- Kaua e tāuta me te koki e peka ke ana i te poutū neke atu i te 5°.

- Kaua e tāuta ki tētahi wāhi hiri kāore e pai te tohatoha wera.

- Kaua e tāutahia kia tata atu i te 30 henemita mai i ētahi atu wāhanga e whakaputa ana i te wera.

- Kaua e tāuta ki tētahi taiao puehu kāore he taupoki tiaki.

5.2 Kupuhipa Huringa Tiaki

- Ngā rohe takutai: Tirohia kotahi i ia hauwhā

- Ngā wāhi e pā pinepine ana ngā whatitiri: Tirohia tonutia i muri i ia whatitiri

- Ngā taiao ahumahi: Whakahaerehia ngā tirotiro ā-kanohi ia marama

- Ngā wāhi arumoni noa: Me tirotiro ā-tau ngā tohunga

Whakamutunga

Pērā i tā Tākuta Smith, he tohunga nō te International Electrotechnical Commission, i kī ai: "Ko tētahi kaupapa tāutanga SPD whai tohu me tino pai te whakakotahitanga o ngā taputapu, te mātauranga me te wheako." I roto i te ao haumaru hiko, ko ngā taipitopito te oranga. Ko te whiriwhiri i te parenga ngaru tika me te tāuta tika ehara i te mea ko te tiaki noa i ngā taputapu, engari he whakaute hoki ki te oranga.