He mea whakahau te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ārai ngaru?
Kei te maumahara tonu ahau ki te rā i ngaro ai i taku kiritaki te €180,000 i roto i ngā PLC parai i te pānga o te uira kotahi.
Kei te whakahaere ahau i tētahi wheketere taputapu ngaru hiko 2,000 m² te rahi i Wenzhou, ā, ka taea e au te kī atu ki a koe: Ngā SPD kāore e turetia ana ngā wāhi katoa, engari ki te karohia e koe, ka petipeti koe ki te wā kore mahi, ki ngā kereme inihua, me tō ingoa pai.
Kei raro nei ka ārahi ahau i a koe i roto i ngā pātai e rima ka pātaihia e ngā kaiwhakahaere hoko katoa i mua i te whakatakoto ota B2B.
He aha ai Ngā Pūrere Ārai Ngaru he mea nui mō tō hanganga pakihi?
E kite ana ahau i ngā wheketere e ngaro ana i te 3-5% o te moni whiwhi ā-tau nā te pikinga o te kino e €19 ana. SPD kua mutu pea.
Ka pā te hiko nui mai i te uira, te whakawhiti hiko, ngā motuka nui rānei ki te 6 kV i roto i ngā kāpata; ki te kore he SPD, ka rewa ngā puku, ngā tūmau, me ngā pūoko.
He aha tonu te ngaru nui, ā, nō hea mai?
He pahūtanga poto te ngaohiko teitei e roa ana mō ngā hēkona iti engari e mau ana i ngā rau amps.
Ngā pūtake o waho: te uira, te whakawhiti whatunga, ngā rārangi kua hinga.
Ngā pūtake o roto: Ngā VFD, ngā karetao whakarewa, ngā motuka HVAC nui, ngā ararewa.
I tuhia e au ngā ngaru i roto i tētahi whare tākai Tiamana mō te wiki kotahi. E 42 ngā ngaru i inehia e mātou i runga ake i te 1 kV; ko te mea nui rawa i eke ki te 3.8 kV. Kāore tētahi i ahu mai i ngā tupuhi—ko ia ngaru i ahu mai i ngā mīhini i roto i te whare.
Ngā utu huna ka utua e koe ina peke koe i ngā SPD
| Tuemi utu | Uara noa | Ko wai ngā utu |
| Puku servo i rahua | €1,200 ia | Tahua hoko |
| 4 hāora te wā kore mahi i runga i te raina SMT | €48,000 | Ngā Mahi |
| Kaikawe tere mō ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana | €600 | Ngā mahi whakahaere |
| Te whiu a te kaihoko mō te tukunga tomuri | 5% o te ota | Pūtea |
Tāpirihia ēnei rārangi, ā, ka āhua iti te utu mō te SPD e 19 euros.
Ngā paerewa e akiaki ana i a koe ki te tāuta i ngā SPD
E mea ana te IEC 60364-4-44 me te NFPA 70: mēnā he ahi, he whara, he kati rānei ngā pūnaha haumaru ora i puta mai i te ngaru hiko, me whakauru e koe he parenga ngaru hiko.
I roto i te EU, nā te EN 50550-2023 hou i whakarite kia whakamahia ngā SPD mō ngā whare tūmatanui me ngā pokapū raraunga.
Ahakoa kāore he kupu i roto i te waehere, ka tuhia inaianei e ngā kaiinihua te kupu "taupoki ngaru anake mēnā kua tāutahia te SPD" ki roto i ngā kaupapa here wheketere.
Ka āwhina ahau i ngā kaihoko ki te tohu i te pouaka paerewa mā te tuku pūrongo whakamātautau mai i tā mātou taiwhanga whaimana TUV; mā ngā pepa ka koa te tari mōrearea.
Me pēhea te tiaki i tō pakihi mai i ngā kino utu nui e ngā taputapu ārai ngaru?
I mātakitaki ahau i tētahi ipu 40 putu te roa o te kōura tio e rewa ana nā te mea kotahi te ngaru i mate ai te PLC pouaka whakamātao; mā te $35 SPD kua penapenahia te $200,000 o te utanga.
Ka herea e ngā SPD te titi i mua i te taenga atu ki ngā wāhanga tairongo, ka tapahia ngā utu whakakapinga me ngā utu wā kore mahi mā te 90%.
He mahere parepare wāhanga-toru ka hoatu e au ki ia kaihoko
| Atamira | Tauwāhi | Momo SPD | Kaupapa Tiaki |
| 1 | Papa whakawhiti matua | Momo I | Ia uira 25 kA |
| 2 | Tohatoha-iti | Momo II | Ngā ngaru ā-korekore 100 kA |
| 3 | Pūnaha whakawhiti, reera DIN rānei | Momo III | Ngā hiko tairongo |
Ka tukuna atu e au ngā momo e toru mai i Wenzhou kia taea ai e ngā kaihoko te hoko kotahi me te karo i te raruraru i te whakaranu me te taurite.
He kōrero pono: te wheketere motuka i Birmingham
I eke noa rātou ki te Momo I i te pae whakawhiti. I eke te ngaru nui ki runga i te pae pahi, ā, e toru ngā karetao KUKA i mate.
I tāpirihia e mātou ngā waeine DIN-rail Momo II i te taha o ia kāpata. I te tau i muri mai ka pā mai tētahi atu tupuhi; i ora tonu ngā karetao, ā, i penapenahia e rātou te £120,000 i roto i ngā wāhanga me te 18 hāora wā kore mahi.
Te tātai ROI tere ka tohaina e au ki ngā CFO
Te utu tāpiri mō ngā SPD: €3,500
Te ngaronga o te ngaru e tumanakohia ana me te kore he SPD: €50,000 ia 3 tau
Whakahokinga: 3,500 ÷ (50,000 ÷ 3) = 0.21 tau ≈ 2.5 marama
I muri i tērā, ka kohia e te tipu te €47,500 i ia toru tau.
Te Parenga Ngaru me ngā Rīpene Hiko Auau: He aha te Rerekētanga mō ngā Pakihi?
Ka mataku ahau ina kite ahau i ngā taura hiko $3 e tiaki ana i ngā tūmau $30,000; he putanga tāpiri noa iho ā rātou, kāore he herenga tūturu.
Ka whakamahia e ngā SPD pono ngā varistor whakarewa-waikura me ngā ngongo hau hei mimiti i te pūngao, kaua e wehewehe noa.
Ripanga whakatairite taha-ki-taha
| Āhuatanga | Rīpene Mana Tari | SPD taumata-pakihi |
| Te whakatauranga pūngao ngaru | 90 J | 3,200 J |
| Ngaohiko whakapūmau | 800V | 350V |
| Tohu tūnga | Kāore | LED + whakapā maroke mamao |
| Pūtāhui | 1 tau | 5 tau + te hipoki taputapu hono |
| Utu | €5 | €28 |
Ko te āputa €23 he iti iho i te kotahi hāora o te wā whakatā.
He aha i whiriwhiri tonu ai ngā kaihoko i te hua hē
He maha ngā wā ka pohehe ngā kaihoko i te "tiakitanga taumaha rawa" me te "tiakitanga ngaru".
Ka aukati te taumaha rawa i ngā ahi mai i te nui rawa o ngā amp; kāore he mahi mā ngā titi 3 kV.
Ka tukuna atu e au he aratohu pikitia kotahi te whārangi kia taea ai e ngā tīma hoko te whakamōhio i ā rātou kaimahi hiko i roto i te rima meneti.
Tāku tohutohu: whakamahia te waehere tae
Ka tāia e au he tapanga karaka mō ngā SPD, ā, he kikorangi mō ngā rīpene taketake. Ka taea e ngā kaimahi tiaki te arotake i tētahi papa i roto i ngā hēkona me te kite i te parenga ngaro i mua i te wā tupuhi e whai ake nei.
Me pēhea te roa ake o te ora o ō taputapu hiko e ngā taputapu ārai ngaru?
I whaia e au te 200 VFD puta noa i ngā wheketere kakahu e rima; 8.4 tau te roa o ngā waeine i muri i ngā SPD, 5.1 tau noa iho te roa o ngā waeine kāore i whakamahia ngā SPD.
Ka whakaitihia te whakamarumaru e ngā ngaru iti o ia rā; ka kainga e ngā SPD aua mahi iti, ā, ka ora tonu ngā motuka.
Ngā tau ahotea dielectric ka taea e koe te whakaatu ki tō miihini
| Taumata puhake | Te roa o te wā whakamahana e toe ana |
| 0.5 kV | 95% |
| 1.0 kV | 60% |
| 2.0 kV | 25% |
| 3.0 kV | 5% |
Mā ia tītaha i runga ake i te 1 kV ka haurua te roa o te ora. Mā ngā SPD ka pupuri i ngā tītaha i raro i te 0.7 kV.
Kua penapenahia te utu tiaki
Ko te utu mō te whakahoki i te motuka 15 kW he €900 tāpiri atu ki te 2 hāora mahi.
Mena ka āraia e ngā SPD ngā whakahokinga whakamuri e rua i roto i ngā tau tekau, ka penapena koe i te €1,800 mō ia mōta.
Whakareatia ki te 50 ngā motuka, ā, ka kore utu koe i te €90,000 moni mō te whakapaunga moni hei utu mō ngā mahi whakatikatika.
Painga huna: mahara PLC pumau
Ka puta ngā hurihanga moka i ngā ngaru iti ka maukati i ngā PLC ki te aratau hapa.
I muri i tā mātou tāutanga i ngā SPD Momo III ki tētahi raina pounamu Wīwī, i heke ngā hapa wairua o te Paraire mai i te 11 i te marama ki te kore. I mutu te whakaara anō a ngā kaiwhakahaere i ngā raina i te 2 i te ata, ā, i penapenahia ai te utu tāpiri me te ahotea.
He haumitanga kotahi noa iho ngā taputapu parenga ngaru, he mea e tika ana rānei kia mau tonu?
Ki tāku e kī atu nei ki ngā kaihoko katoa, he rite ngā SPD ki ngā potae: ka pōturi te pakaru, ka tirohia i ia tau, ā, ka whakakapia ina kore te tītaha o ngā potae.
E rima ki te tekau tau te roa o te mahi a te waeine pai, engari me whakawhiti pea ngā wāhi e nui ana te uira i muri i te pānga nui.
Ngā tohu mō te mutunga o te ora me mātaki koe
Kua mate te rama kakariki = whakakapia inaianei.
E whakaatu ana ngā pūrongo TUV e 70% o ngā SPD rahua kei te tukuna tonutia te mana, nō reira e whakaaro ana ngā kaiwhakahaere kei te haumaru rātou ahakoa kua kore te tiaki.
Ka tāpirihia e au he kāri whakapā-maroke kore utu hei tohu i te SCADA ina mate te LED; ka whiwhi ngā kaihoko i tētahi whakaoho i mua i te awha e whai ake nei.
Te rārangi utu ka hoatu e au ki te hoko
| Tau | Mahi | Utu |
| 0 | Hokona me te tāuta | €28 |
| 1-5 | Arotakenga LED ā-tau | €0 |
| 6 | Wāhanga whakawhiti | €28 |
| Te katoa o ngā tau 10 |
| €56 |
Ahakoa ka whakakapia ia rima tau, e toru hēneti te utu o ia rā—he iti ake te utu i te kawhe.
Me pēhea te whakarite tahua me te kore ohorere
Ka raka e au te utu i te PO tuatahi mō ngā marama 24.
Ka taea e ngā kaihoko te whakarite i tētahi tukunga ā-hauwhā kia noho tonu ai ngā taonga hou ki runga i ā rātou whata, kia rite ai i muri i te pupūnga nui.
Ka aukatihia ngā utanga rererangi ohorere e tēnei, ā, ka noho matapaetia tonutia hoki te TCO.
Whakamutunga
Ka taea e te uira kotahi te muku i te tawhē nui atu i tō hauwhā pai rawa atu.
Whakauruhia ngā SPD whaimana i tēnei rā, moe pai i tēnei pō, ka īmēra mai ki ahau mō tētahi kete tauira kore utu.