Kupu Whakataki

I roto i ngā pūnaha hiko hou me ngā tono taputapu hiko, ko ngā parenga ngaru hiko (SPD) me ngā kaitahuri hiko, hei wāhanga matua e rua, he mea nui tā rāua mahi tahi hei whakarite i te mahi haumaru me te pumau o te pūnaha katoa. Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou me te whānui o te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu hiko hiko, kua piki haere te whakamahinga ngātahi o ēnei e rua. Ka rukuhia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mātāpono mahi, ngā paearu whiriwhiri, ngā tikanga tāutanga o ngā SPD me ngā kaitahuri hiko, me pēhea hoki te hono pai i a rāua hei whakarato i te tiaki whānui mō ngā pūnaha hiko.

 

 

Upoko 1: Tātaritanga Whānui o ngā Ārai Ngaru

 

1.1 He aha te ārai ngaru hiko?

 

Ko te taputapu tiaki ngaru (SPD), e mōhiotia ana ko te aukati ngaru, ko te kaitiaki ngaohiko nui rānei, he taputapu hiko e whakarato ana i te tiakitanga haumaru mō ngā taputapu hiko, ngā taputapu, me ngā raina whakawhitiwhiti kōrero. Ka taea e ia te hono i te ara iahiko kua tiakina ki te pūnaha pūmau i roto i te wā poto rawa, ka ōrite te pūmanawa i ia tauranga o te taputapu, ā, i te wā kotahi ka tukuna te iahiko ngaru i hangaia i roto i te ara iahiko nā te uira, ngā mahi pana rānei ki te whenua, ā, ka tiakina ngā taputapu hiko mai i te kino.

 

E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā parenga ngaru i roto i ngā mara pēnei i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, te hiko, te rama, te aroturuki, me te whakahaere ahumahi, ā, he wāhanga nui, he mea nui hoki ēnei o te hangarau parenga uira hou. E ai ki ngā paerewa o te International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā parenga ngaru ki ngā wāhanga e toru: Momo I (mō te parenga uira tika), Momo II (mō te parenga pūnaha tohatoha), me te Momo III (mō te parenga taputapu pito).

 

1.2 Te Mātāpono Mahi o te Kaitiaki Ngaru

 

Ko te kaupapa matua o te tiaki ngaru e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā wāhanga kore-raina (pērā i ngā varistor, ngā ngongo tuku hau, ngā diode pehi ngaohiko whakawhiti, me ētahi atu). I raro i te ngaohiko noa, he āhua ārai teitei tō rātou, ā, kāore he pānga ki te mahi o te ara iahiko. Ina puta he ngaohiko ngaru, ka taea e ēnei wāhanga te huri ki te āhua ārai iti i roto i ngā nanohekona, ka huri i te kaha ngaohiko ki te whenua, ā, ka whakawhāiti i te ngaohiko puta noa i ngā taputapu tiakina ki tētahi awhe haumaru.

Ka taea te wehewehe i te tukanga mahi motuhake kia whā ngā wāhanga:

 

1.2.1 Wāhanga aroturuki

 

SPD conKa aroturuki tonu i ngā piki me ngā heke o te ngaohiko i roto i te ara iahiko. Ka noho tonu i roto i te āhua ātete-teitei i roto i te awhe ngaohiko noa, me te kore e pā ki te mahi noa o te pūnaha.

 

1.2.2 Wāhanga urupare

 

Ina kitea te ngaohiko kua hipa ake i te paepae kua whakatakotoria (pēnei i te 385V mō te pūnaha 220V), ka tere te urupare a te huānga tiaki i roto i ngā nanohekona.

 

1.2.3 Tukunga atamira

Ka huri te huānga tiaki ki te āhua iti-ārai, ka waihanga i te ara tukunga hei whakatika i te iahiko nui ki te whenua, me te pupuri i te ngaohiko puta noa i ngā taputapu tiakina ki tētahi taumata haumaru.

 

1.2.4 Wāhanga whakaora:

I muri i te ngaru hiko, ka hoki aunoa te wāhanga tiaki ki te āhua ātete-teitei, ā, ka hoki anō te pūnaha ki te mahi noa. Mō ngā momo kāore e whakaora-ake-ake, me whakakapi pea te kōwae.

 

1.3 Me pēhea ki whiriwhiria he parenga ngaru

 

Ko te whiriwhiri i te parenga ngaru tika me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga maha hei whakarite i te pānga tiaki pai rawa atu me ngā painga ōhanga.

 

1.3.1 Tīpakohia te momo i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha

 

- Me whakamahi ngā pūnaha tohatoha hiko TT, TN, IT rānei i ngā momo SPD rerekē

- Kāore e taea te whakaranu i ngā SPD mō ngā pūnaha AC me ngā pūnaha DC (pērā i ngā pūnaha photovoltaic)

- Te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā pūnaha wāhanga-kotahi me ngā pūnaha wāhanga-toru

 

1.3.2 Kī Te Whakataurite i ngā Tawhā

 

- Me teitei ake te ngaohiko whakahaere tonu mōrahi (Uc) i te ngaohiko tonu teitei rawa atu ka tūtaki pea te pūnaha (ko te tikanga he 1.15-1.5 ngā wā o te ngaohiko whakatauranga o te pūnaha)

- Me iti iho te taumata tiaki ngaohiko (Ki runga) i te ngaohiko ātete o te taputapu kua tiakina

- Me whiriwhiri te iahiko tukunga ingoa (In) me te iahiko tukunga mōrahi (Imax) i runga i te wāhi tāutanga me te kaha o te ngaru e tumanakohia ana.

- Me tere te wā urupare (te tikanga

 

1.3.3 Tāutanga ngā whakaaro mō te wāhi

 

- Me whakauru te putanga hiko ki te SPD Akomanga I, Akomanga II rānei

- Ka taea te whakamahi i te papa tohatoha me te SPD Akomanga II

- Me tiaki te pito o mua o ngā taputapu e te SPD tiaki pai Akomanga III

 

1.3.4 Motuhake Ngā Whakaritenga Taiao

 

- Mō te tāutanga o waho, whakaarohia ngā whakatauranga ātete-wai me te ātete-pūngao (IP65, teitei ake rānei)

- I ngā taiao pāmahana teitei, tīpakohia ngā SPD e tika ana mō ngā pāmahana teitei

- I roto i ngā taiao waikura, whiriwhiria ngā whare herehere he āhuatanga ārai-waikura

 

1.3.5 Tiwhikete Ngā Paerewa

 

- E tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te IEC 61643 me te UL 1449

- He tiwhikete CE, TUV, me ētahi atu.

- Mō ngā pūnaha photovoltaic, me tutuki i te paerewa IEC 61643-31

 

1.4 Me pēhea te tāuta he parenga ngaru

 

Ko te tāutanga tika te mea nui hei whakarite i te whai huatanga o ngā parenga ngaru. Anei tētahi aratohu tāutanga ngaio

 

1.4.1 Tāutanga Tauwāhi Kōwhiringa

 

- Me tāuta te SPD whakauru hiko ki roto i te pouaka tohatoha matua, kia tata rawa atu ki te pito raina e haere mai ana.

- Me tāuta te pouaka tohatoha tuarua SPD i muri i te pana.

- Me whakanoho te SPD o mua mō ngā taputapu kia tata rawa atu ki ngā taputapu e tiakina ana (e taunakihia ana kia iti iho i te 5 mita te tawhiti).

 

1.4.2 Te waea Ngā Whakatakotoranga

 

- Ka taea e te tikanga hononga "V" (hononga Kelvin) te whakaiti i te awe o te hiko hiko.

- Me poto, me tika hoki ngā waea hono (

- Me tutuki te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga o ngā waea ki ngā paerewa (kaua e iti iho i te 4mm² te rahi o te waea parahi).

- Me whiriwhiri te waea whenua i te waea tae-rua kōwhai-kakariki, me te horahanga whakawhiti kaua e iti iho i te waea ā-wāhanga.

 

1.4.3 Te Whakatakotoranga Whenua Ngā Whakaritenga

 

- Me hono pūmau ngā pito whenua o te SPD ki te pahi whenua o te pūnaha.

- Me tutuki te ātete whenua ki ngā whakaritenga o te pūnaha (te tikanga

- Kaua e whakamahi i ngā waea whenua roa rawa, nā te mea ka nui ake te aukati whenua.

 

1.4.4 Tāutanga Ngā Hipanga

 

1) Whakamutua te pūtake hiko, ā, whakaūtia kāore he hiko

2) Whakatakotoria he tūranga tāutanga ki roto i te pouaka tohatoha kia rite ki te rahi o te SPD

3) Whakatikahia te turanga SPD, te ara ārahi rānei

4) Honoa te waea ā-wāhanga, te waea kūpapa me te waea whenua kia rite ki te hoahoa waea

5) Tirohia mēnā kei te haumaru ngā hononga katoa

6) Whakakāhia te mana hei whakamātautau, tirohia ngā rama tohu tūnga

 

1.4.5 Tāutanga Ngā Whakatūpato

 

- Kaua e tāuta te SPD i mua i te fiusi, i te takahuri hiko rānei.

- Me pupuri te tawhiti e tika ana (te roa o te taura > 10 mita) i waenga i ngā SPD maha, me tāpiri rānei he taputapu wetewete.

- I muri i te tāutanga, me tāuta he taputapu tiaki iahiko nui (pēnei i te fiusi, i te kaiwawao hiko rānei) ki te pito o mua o te SPD.

- Me whakahaere ngā tirotiro auau (kia kotahi te iti rawa i te tau) me te tiaki. Me whakahaere hoki ngā tirotiro kaha ake i mua atu, i muri mai hoki i te wā o te whatitiri.

 

Upoko 2: I roto-tātaritanga hōhonu o ngā inverters

 

2.1 He aha te kaitahuri hiko?

 

He taputapu hiko hiko te inverter e huri ana i te iahiko tika (DC) ki te iahiko tauutuutu (AC). He wāhanga matua tēnei i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko hou. Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou, kua whānui haere te whakamahinga o ngā inverter, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic, ngā pūnaha whakaputa hiko hau, ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao, me ngā pūnaha tuku hiko kore-mutu (UPS).

 

 

Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā kaitahuri ki ngā kaitahuri ngaru tapawhā, ngā kaitahuri ngaru sine whakarerekētia me ngā kaitahuri ngaru sine parakore i runga i ō rātou āhua ngaru putanga; ka taea hoki te whakarōpū ki ngā kaitahuri hono-pūnaha, ngā kaitahuri waho-pūnaha me ngā kaitahuri ranu i runga i ō rātou horopaki tono; ā, ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā kaitahuri moroiti, ngā kaitahuri aho me ngā kaitahuri pokapū i runga i ō rātou whakatauranga mana.

 

2.2 Te mahi Te Mātāpono o te Hurihuri

 

Ko te kaupapa matua o te mahi a te inverter he huri i te iahiko tika ki te iahiko tauutuutu mā roto i ngā mahi whakawhiti tere o ngā taputapu whakawhiti haurua-haurua (pērā i te IGBT me te MOSFET). Ko te tukanga mahi taketake koia tēnei:

 

2.2.1 Tāurunga DC Atamira

 

Ko te pūtake hiko DC (pērā i ngā panera photovoltaic, ngā pākahiko) ka tuku i te pūngao hiko DC ki te inverter.

 

2.2.2 Te Whakatairanga Atamira (Whiringa)

 

Ka whakanuia te ngaohiko tāuru ki tētahi taumata e tika ana mō te mahi inverter mā te ara iahiko whakanui DC-DC.

 

2.2.3 Hurihanga Atamira

 

Ka whakakāhia, ka whakawetohia hoki ngā pana whakahaere i roto i tētahi raupapatanga motuhake, ka hurihia te iahiko tika hei iahiko tika e pupuhi ana. Kātahi ka tātarihia tēnei e te ara iahiko tātari hei hanga i tētahi āhua ngaru tauutuutu.

 

2.2.4 Putanga Atamira

 

I muri i te tātari LC, ka puta he au hiko tauutuutu kua tohua (pēnei i te 220V/50Hz, 110V/60Hz rānei).

 

Mō ngā kaitahuri hono-pūnaha, kei roto hoki ngā mahi matatau pēnei i te whakahaere hononga pūnahi tukutahi, te aroturuki i te pūwāhi hiko mōrahi (MPPT), me te tiaki pānga moutere. Ko ngā kaitahuri hou e whakamahi ana i te hangarau PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) hei whakapai ake i te kounga me te whai hua o te ngaru.

 

2.3 Me pēhea te whiriwhiri he kaitahuri

 

Ko te whiriwhiri i te inverter tika me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga maha:

 

2.3.1 Tīpakohia te momo e hangai ana i runga i te horopaki tono

 

- Mō ngā pūnaha hono-pūnaha, whiriwhiria ngā kaitahuri hono-pūnaha

- Mō ngā pūnaha kore-whatunga, whiriwhiria ngā kaitahuri kore-whatunga

- Mō ngā pūnaha ranu, whiriwhiria ngā kaitahuri ranu

 

2.3.2 Mana Te whakataurite

 

- Me paku teitei ake te mana kua whakatauria i te mana kawenga katoa (he tawhē e taunakitia ana he 1.2 - 1.5 ngā wā)

- Whakaarohia te kaha uta tere (pērā i te ia tīmatanga o te motuka)

 

2.3.3 Whakaurunga āhuatanga taurite

 

- Me kapi te awhe ngaohiko tāuru i te awhe ngaohiko putanga o te pūtake hiko.

- Mō ngā pūnaha photovoltaic, me ōrite te maha o ngā ara MPPT me te iahiko tāuru ki ngā tawhā wāhanga.

 

2.3.4 Putanga Ngā Āhuatanga Ngā Whakaritenga

 

- Ka tutuki te ngaohiko putanga me te auau ki ngā paerewa ā-rohe (pēnei i te 220V/50Hz)

- Te kounga o te ngaru (he pai ake te whakamahi i te kaitahuri ngaru sine parakore)

- Te whai huatanga (he nui ake i te 95% te whai huatanga o ngā kaitahuri kounga teitei)

 

2.3.5 Te Tiakitanga Ngā Mahi

 

- Ngā parenga taketake pērā i te ngaohiko nui rawa, te ngaohiko iti rawa, te taumaha rawa, te ara iahiko poto, me te wera nui rawa

- Mō ngā kaitahuri hono-pūnaha, me tiaki te pānga moutere

- Parenga werohanga ārai-whakamuri (mō ngā pūnaha ranu)

 

2.3.6 Taiao Te urutau

 

- Awhe Pāmahana Whakahaere

- Te Paerewa Tiaki (me IP65, teitei ake rānei mō ngā whakaurunga o waho)

- Te Āheitanga ki te Teitei

 

2.3.7 Tiwhikete Ngā Whakaritenga

 

- Me whai tiwhikete hononga whatunga ā-rohe ngā kaitahuri hono-pūnaha (pēnei i te CQC i Haina, VDE-AR-N 4105 i te EU, me ētahi atu)

- Ngā tiwhikete haumaru (pēnei i te UL, IEC, me ētahi atu)

 

2.4 Me pēhea te tāuta te kaitahuri

 

He mea tino nui te tāutanga tika o te inverter mō tōna mahi me tōna roanga ora:

 

2.4.1 Tāutanga Tauwāhi Kōwhiringa

 

- He pai te hauhautanga, ā, ka karohia te rā tika

- Te pāmahana āwhiowhio mai i te -25℃ ki te +60℃ (tirohia ngā whakatakotoranga hua mō ētahi atu kōrero)

- Maroke, ma, karohia te puehu me ngā hau waikura

- He wāhi pai mō te whakahaere me te tiaki

- Kia tata rawa atu ki te pākahiko (hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o te aho)

 

2.4.2 Mīhini Tāutanga

 

- Tāuta mā te whakamahi i te whakapiri pakitara, i ngā whāriki rānei hei whakarite i te pumau

- Kia poutū te tāutanga kia pai ake ai te tohatoha wera

- Whakatapua he wāhi nui mō te taha (neke atu i te 50cm te teitei me te raro, me te neke atu i te 30cm te taha maui me te taha matau)

 

2.4.3 Te Hiko Ngā Hononga

 

- Hononga taha DC:

- Manatokohia te tika o te polarity (kaua e hurihia ngā pito pai me ngā pito kino)

- Whakamahia ngā taura e tika ana ngā whakaritenga (te nuinga o te wā 4-35mm²)

- E taunakihia ana kia tāutahia he pakaru hiko DC ki te pito pai

 

- Hononga taha AC:

- Hono atu kia rite ki te L/N/PE

- Me tutuki ngā whakaritenga taura i ngā whakaritenga o nāianei

- Me tāuta he whati ara iahiko AC

 

- Hononga Whenua:

- Me whakarite kia pono te tūnga whenua (ātete tūnga whenua

- Kaua te whānui o te waea whenua e iti iho i te whānui o te waea ā-wāhanga

 

2.4.4 Pūnaha Whirihoranga

 

- Me whai taputapu tiaki whatunga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o ngā kaitahuri hono-pūnaha.

- Me whirihora ngā pūhiko hiko e tika ana mō ngā kaitahuri kore-whatunga.

- Tautuhia ngā tawhā pūnaha tika (ngaohiko, auau, me ētahi atu)

 

2.4.5 Tāutanga Ngā Whakatūpato

 

- Me whakarite kia momotu katoa ngā pūtake hiko i mua i te tāutanga

- Kaua e whakahaere i ngā raina DC me AC i te taha o tetahi ki tetahi

- Wehea ngā raina whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mai i ngā raina hiko

- Whakahaerehia he tirotiro hōhonu i muri i te tāutanga i mua i te whakakā hei whakamātautau

 

2.4.6 Te patuiro me te Whakamātautau

 

- Inehia te ātete ārai i mua i te whakakā

- Whakakā mārire te hiko, ka mātaki i te tukanga whakaoho

- Whakamātauria mēnā kei te tika te mahi a ngā mahi tiaki rerekē

- Ine i te ngaohiko putanga, te auau, me ētahi atu tawhā

 

Upoko 3: Te mahi tahi i waenganui i te SPD me te Inverter

 

3.1 He aha ai te Me whakamahi he parenga ngaru hiko mō te inverter?

 

Hei taputapu hiko hiko, he tino tairongo te inverter ki ngā piki me ngā heke o te ngaohiko, ā, me whakamahi he parenga ngaru hiko hei tiaki i a ia. Ko ngā take matua mō tēnei ko:

 

3.1.1 Teitei Te aro nui o te Inverter

 

He nui ngā taputapu haurua-ira me ngā ara iahiko whakahaere tika kei roto i te inverter. He iti noa te manawanui o ēnei wāhanga ki te ngaohiko nui rawa atu, ā, he tino ngāwari ki te pakaru mai i ngā ngaru hiko.

 

3.1.2 Pūnaha Te tuwhera

He roa rawa ngā aho DC me AC i roto i te pūnaha photovoltaic, ā, e kitea ana i waho, nā reira ka ngāwari ake te pāngia e ngā iahiko ngaru e puta mai ana i te uira.

 

3.1.3 Takirua Ngā Tūponotanga

Ehara i te mea ka pāngia noa te inverter e ngā tūmomo ngaru mai i te taha whatunga hiko, engari ka pāngia anō hoki e ngā pānga ngaru mai i te taha pūnaha photovoltaic.

 

3.1.4 Ōhanga Ngaronga

Ko ngā inverters tētahi o ngā wāhanga tino utu nui o te pūnaha photovoltaic. Ka taea e ēnei pakaru te arahi ki te pararutiki o te pūnaha me te utu nui mō te whakatikatika.

 

3.1.5 Haumarutanga Mōrearea

Tērā pea ka pā mai he aituā tuarua pērā i te ru hiko me te ahi nā te kino o te inverter.

 

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, i roto i ngā pūnaha photovoltaic, tata ki te 35% o ngā rahunga o te inverter e pā ana ki te taumahatanga hiko, ā, ko te nuinga o ēnei ka taea te karo mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tiaki ngaru whaitake.

 

3.2 Te Whakakotahitanga Pūnaha o te Kaitiaki Ngaru me te Hurihuri

 

Me whakauru e te kaupapa tiaki ngaru katoa mō te pūnaha photovoltaic ngā taumata tiaki maha:

 

3.2.1 DC Taha Te Tiakitanga

 

- Tāutahia he SPD DC motuhake mō ngā pūnaha photovoltaic i roto i te pouaka whakakotahi DC o te huinga photovoltaic.

- Tāutahia he SPD DC taumata-tuarua ki te pito tāuru DC o te inverter.

- Tiakina ngā kōwae photovoltaic me te wāhanga DC/DC o te inverter.

 

3.2.2 Whakawhitiwhiti kōrero-Parenga taha

 

- Tāutahia te AC SPD taumata-tuatahi ki te pito putanga AC o te inverter

- Tāutahia te AC SPD taumata-tuarua ki te pūwāhi hononga whatunga, ki te kāpata tohatoha rānei

- Tiakina te wāhanga DC/AC o te inverter me te atanga ki te whatunga hiko

 

3.2.3 Tohu Porowhita Te Tiakitanga

 

- Tāutahia ngā SPD tohu mō ngā raina whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pēnei i te RS485 me te Ethernet

- Tiakina ngā ara iahiko whakahaere me ngā pūnaha aroturuki

 

3.2.4 Ōrite Pūmanawa Hononga

 

- Me whakarite kia hono pūmau ngā pito whenua SPD katoa ki te whenua pūnaha

- Whakaitihia te rerekētanga pūmanawa i waenga i ngā pūnaha whenua

 

3.3 Whakaritea whakaaro nui o te kōwhiringa me te tāutanga

 

I te whakamahinga ngātahi o ngā parenga ngaru me ngā kaitahuri, me whai whakaaro nui ki ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei i te wā e whiriwhiria ana, e tāutahia ana hoki:

 

3.3.1 Te Whakataurite i te Ngaohiko

 

- Me teitei ake te uara Uc o te SPD taha-DC i te ngaohiko ara-tuwhera mōrahi o te huinga photovoltaic (me te whakaaro ki te tauwehenga pāmahana)

- Me teitei ake te uara Uc o te SPD taha-AC i te ngaohiko whakahaere tonu mōrahi o te whatunga hiko

- Me iti iho te uara Up o te SPD i te uara resistance voltage o ia port o te inverter.

 

3.3.2 Te Pūngao o Nāianei

 

- Tīpakohia te In me te Imax o te SPD i runga i te ia ngaru e tumanakohia ana i te wāhi tāutanga.

- Mō te taha DC o te pūnaha photovoltaic, e taunakihia ana kia whakamahia he SPD me te iti rawa 20kA (8/20μs).

- Mō te taha AC, whiriwhiria he SPD me te 20-50kA i runga i te tauwāhi.

 

3.3.3 Te Whakaritenga me te Mahi Ngātahi

 

- Me tika te taurite o te pūngao (te tawhiti, te wetewete rānei) i waenga i ngā SPD maha.

- Kia tino mohio kei te kore ngā SPD e tata ana ki te inverter e pikau i te kaha ngaru katoa anake.

- Me hanga e ngā uara Whakarunga o ia taumata o te SPD he pikinga (i te nuinga o te wā, ko te taumata o runga he 20% teitei ake, neke atu rānei, i te taumata o raro).

 

3.3.4 Motuhake Ngā Whakaritenga

 

- Me whai parenga hononga whakamuri te photovoltaic DC SPD.

- Whakaarohia te ārai i ngā ngaru hiko e rua ngā taha (tērā pea ka puta mai ngā ngaru hiko mai i te taha whatunga me te taha photovoltaic).

- Tīpakohia ngā SPD me ngā āheinga pāmahana teitei hei whakamahi i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei.

 

3.3.5 Tāutanga Ngā Tohutohu

 

- Me whakanoho te SPD kia tata rawa atu ki te tauranga tiakina (ngā pūrua DC/AC hurihuri)

- Me poto, me tika hoki ngā taura hononga kia taea ai te whakaiti i te hiko hiko o te arai

- Me whakarite kia iti te ātete o te pūnaha whenua

- Kaua e hanga he koropiko i roto i ngā rārangi i waenganui i te SPD me te inverter

 

3.4 Te tiaki me te rapurongoā

 

Ngā pūwāhi tiaki mō te pūnaha kua whakaritea o ngā parenga ngaru me ngā kaitahuri:

 

3.4.1 Auau tirotiro

 

- Tirohia te tohu tūnga SPD i ia marama.

- Tirohia te kaha o te hononga i ia toru marama.

- Inehia te ātete whenua i ia tau.

- Tirohia tonutia i muri i te pānga o te uira.

 

3.4.2 Ngā mea noa rapurongoā

 

- Te whakahaere auau o te SPD: Tirohia mēnā he pumau te ngaohiko o te pūnaha, ā, mēnā he tika te tauira SPD.

- Te rahunga o te SPD: Tirohia mēnā he hototahi te taputapu tiaki o mua, ā, mēnā he nui ake te ngaru i te kaha o te SPD.

- Kei te pakaru tonu te pūwhakahurihuri: Tirohia mēnā he tika te tūnga tāutanga SPD, me te tika hoki o te hononga.

- Whakaoho teka: Tirohia te hototahitanga i waenga i te SPD me te inverter, me te pai hoki o te whenua.

 

3.4.3 Whakakapinga Ngā Paerewa

 

- E whakaatu ana te tohu tūnga i te rahunga

- E kitea ana te kino i te āhua (pēnei i te wera, te ngatata, me ētahi atu)

- Te pāngia e ngā kaupapa pikinga nui atu i te uara kua whakaritea

- Te tutuki i te roanga mahi e taunakitia ana e te kaihanga (ko te tikanga he 8-10 tau)

 

3.4.4 Pūnaha Arotautanga

 

- Whakatikatikahia te whirihoranga SPD i runga i te wheako whakahaere

- Te whakamahi i ngā hangarau hou (pēnei i te aroturukitanga SPD atamai)

- Whakanuia ake te tiakitanga i te wā e whakawhānui ana te pūnaha

 

Upoko 4: Āpōpō Ngā Auahatanga Whakawhanake

 

I te whanaketanga o te hangarau Ipurangi o ngā Mea, ka noho ko ngā SPD atamai hei ia o ngā mahi:

 

4.1 Te ngaru atamai tiakitanga hangarau

I te whanaketanga o te hangarau Ipurangi o ngā Mea, ka noho ko ngā SPD atamai hei ia o ngā mahi:

- Te aro turuki i te tūnga SPD me te toenga o te roanga o te ora i te wā tūturu

- Te tuhi i te maha me te kaha o ngā takahanga ngaru nui

- Whakaoho mamao me te tātaritanga

- Whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha aroturuki inverter

 

4.2 Teitei ake mahi ngā taputapu tiaki

 

Kei te whanakehia ngā momo taputapu tiaki hou:

- Ngā taputapu tiaki totoka me ngā wā urupare tere ake

- Ngā rauemi whakahiato me te kaha mimiti pūngao nui ake

- Ngā taputapu tiaki e whakatika ana i a ia anō

- Ngā kōwae e whakauru ana i ngā parenga maha pērā i te parenga hiko nui, te iahiko nui, me te parenga wera nui

 

4.3 Pūnahataumata- otinga tiaki mahi tahi

 

Ko te ahunga whanaketanga ā muri ake nei ko te whanake mai i te tiakitanga taputapu kotahi ki te tiakitanga mahi tahi taumata pūnaha:

- Te mahi tahi i waenganui i te SPD me te parenga ā-roto o te inverter

- Ngā kaupapa tiaki kua whakaritea i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha

- Ngā rautaki tiaki hihiri e whai whakaaro ana ki te pānga o te taunekeneke whatunga

- Te parenga matapae i honoa ki ngā rauropi AI

 

Whakamutunga

 

Ko te mahi tahi a ngā parenga ngaru me ngā kaitahuri hiko he taurangi nui mō te whakahaere haumaru o ngā pūnaha hiko hou. Mā te whiriwhiringa pūtaiao, te tāutanga paerewa, me te whakauru whānui o te pūnaha, ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā ngaru ki te taumata teitei rawa atu, ka taea te roa ake te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i te pono o te pūnaha. Mā te whanaketanga o te hangarau, ka nui ake te mohio me te whai hua o te mahi tahi i waenganui i te tokorua, ka whakarato i te tautoko tiaki kaha ake mō te whanaketanga o te pūngao ma me te tono o ngā taputapu hiko mana.

 

Mō ngā kaihoahoa pūnaha me ngā kaimahi tāutanga/tiaki, mā te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā mātāpono mahi o ngā parenga ngaru me ngā kaitahuri hiko, me ngā kaupapa matua o tā rātou mahi tahi, ka āwhina i te hoahoa i ngā otinga tino pai ake, me te waihanga uara nui ake mō ngā kaiwhakamahi. I tēnei wā o te whakawhiti pūngao me te tere o te whakapūngao hiko, he mea tino nui tēnei whakaaro tiaki mahi tahi puta noa i ngā taputapu.