Te Ārai Ngaru mō ngā Utauta EV?
Kei te maumahara tonu ahau ki te waea mai a tētahi kiritaki Tiamana—i mate ngā rihi EV tekau mā rua i te kotahi whiunga, ā, nui atu te mamae o te pire whakatika i taku tukinga motuka tuatahi.
Āe, te tiaki i te ngaru He mea nui tēnei mō ngā rihi hiko EV nā te mea ka taea e te pānga kotahi o te uira te whakangaro i ngā waeine hiko, ngā papa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me ngā hononga hiko-ā-hiko, ā, ka nui te utu hei whakakapi. Ka tukuna e au ngā SPD kua whakamatautauria e te IEC ki ngā kaihanga rihi i ia wiki.
Ki te mōhio koe ki te wāhi e tomo mai ai ngā ngaru me te wāhi e tika ana mō te SPD, ka taea e koe te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi, ā, ka koa tonu hoki ngā taraiwa.
He mea tika te ārai ngaru mō ngā utunga hiko?
I hikoi ahau i tētahi paetukutuku i Pāniora, i reira kotahi te whiu i pau ai te 16 ngā rihi, ā, e rua ngā rā o te ngaronga o ngā hoko—kei te whakapuaki tonu ngā taraiwa i ngā arotake kino i runga ipurangi.
He mea nui te tiakitanga ngaru mō ngā rihi hiko EV nā te mea ka mate ngā waeine hiko, ngā whakapā hiko dc, me ngā papa whakawhitiwhiti tere i te tere o te ngaru 6 kV, he utu nui, he puhoi hoki te whakakapi. Ka whakauruhia e au ngā SPD ki ia rihi hou.
Kei hea te Ka tomo te ngaru ki roto i te rihi hiko
He rite te āhua o te rihi ki tētahi pouaka whakarewa nui, engari e whā ōna tatau mō ngā ngaru hiko: te pūnga hiko ā-hiko, te taura putanga hiko ā-hiko, te raina raraunga ki te pito o muri, me te pūihi mō te 4G. Ka taea e te uira te pā ki te whatunga hiko e 2 kiromita te tawhiti, ā, ka pana tonu i te 4kV ki roto i ngā pito hiko ā-hiko. Ka taea e te taraiwa e huri ana i runga i ngā potae rapa te tō i te hiko ā-hiko ki roto i te mono hiko ā-hiko. Kua kite ahau i te 2kV i runga i te pahi hiko ā-hiko mai i te mura o te motuka. Mena ka tohaina e te rihi tētahi whāngai me tētahi motuka nui, ka pana te pūngao e te aukati motuka ki te raina kotahi. Me whai ārai motuhake ia ara.
He aha te mea ka mate tuatahi i roto i te rihi
Ko te wāhanga ngoikore rawa ko te pūhiko hiko 12 V dc e whāngai ana i te koiri whakapā. Ka mate i te 40 V. Ko te mea e whai ake nei ko te pūhiko whakawhiti CAN e kōrero ana ki te motuka; ka mate i te 30 V. Ko te poraka hiko IGBT he 1.2 kV te whakatauranga engari ka pakaru i te 1.6 kV. Kotahi te patunga i Milan i mate ai ngā pou e toru e 8. Ko te pire he €28,400 me ngā rā e rua o ngā hoko kua ngaro. Mā te €90 SPD i ia whāngai ka taea te whakaora i te katoa.
Te utu mō te whiu kotahi me te utu mō te SPD kotahi
| Wāhanga Whakakī | Te utu whakakapinga | Ngā Hāora Mahi | Ngā Hokonga Ngaro/Rā | Tapeke Patunga |
| Pūtāhui hiko 12 V | €180 | 1 | €400 | €580 |
| Papa CAN | €220 | 2 | €400 | €620 |
| Kōwae hiko | €1,800 | 4 | €400 | €2,200 |
| Rīhi katoa | €8,000 | 8 | €800 | €8,800 |
| SPD 40 kA | €90 | 0.5 | €0 | €90 |
E whakaatu ana te ripanga he nui ake te utu o tētahi wāhanga rahua i ngā SPD tekau.
Mōrearea Huna: Kāore he mana o te Pūtāhui
Ka whakakorehia e te nuinga o ngā kaihanga rihi te pūtāhui mēnā kāore he SPD i roto i te 10 mita te tawhiti. Kei te whārangi 14 o te pukapuka ā-ringa te rārangi, nō reira he maha ngā kaihoko ka ngaro. Ina mura te kōwae, ka tono te kaihanga kia tukuna he whakaahua o te panera. Ko te tikanga o te kore SPD kāore he whakawhiti kore utu. Ka tukuna atu e au ki ngā kaihoko he kape o te rārangi me te hononga ki tā mātou waeine tereina DIN. Ka tāpirihia e rātou te wāhanga, ā, ka mau tonu te pūtāhui.
Te Wā Whakahaere o te Pae me te Whakawhirinakitanga o te Atekōkiri
Ka whakamahia e ngā taraiwa EV ngā taupānga e whakaatu ana i te tūnga ora. Mena kei te tuimotu tō rihi mō ngā rā e rua, ka tukuna tō pae e te taupānga ki raro rawa o te rārangi. Ka heke te maha o ngā hikoi ki te 30%. Ka taea e te pānga kino kotahi te whakakore i te ROI o te pae katoa. Mā te SPD iti ka noho tonu te rihi ki te ipurangi me tō waitohu i roto i te hinengaro o te taraiwa.
He ārai ngaru kei roto i ngā rihi EV?
Tekau ngā waitohu rihi i whakatuwheratia e au i tērā tau—ko te haurua he pīhi me te ataata noa iho.
Ko te nuinga o ngā rihi hiko EV ka tukuna mai me ngā fiusi taketake me ngā diode TVS e taea ai te whakahaere i ngā titi iti noa iho. Mō te kaha uira tūturu, me whai SPD o waho e mau ana ki te whāngai. Ka tāpirihia e au i ia tāutanga.
Ngā Mea Tino Ka Whakatakotoria e te Wheketere ki Roto
Ko te taha hauhautanga he maha ngā wā he fuse karāhe 20 A me te varistor waikura whakarewa 275 V te rahi o te moni. Ka taea e taua MOV te tango i te 1.5 kA kotahi, kātahi ka mate. Kāore he mea a te taha hauhautanga nā te mea e whakawhirinaki ana te kaihanga ki te motuka hei tiaki i a ia anō. Tērā pea he diode TVS iti kei te papa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero e pai ana mō te 200 W. Ko te pānga tika 40 kA ka tukuna he 100 ngā wā o taua kaha. Ko ngā wāhanga kua hangaia he rite ki te whitiki nohoanga i roto i te tukinga waka rererangi—he āwhina, engari kāore e whakaora i te rā.
Ripanga o ngā mea kua whakauruhia, me ngā mea e hiahiatia ana
| Ara | Wāhanga wheketere | Whakatauranga Pupuhi | Tūponotanga Tūturu | Hua |
| ME LN | MOV 20 mm | 1.5 kA | 40 kA | Mate |
| DC + - | Kāore | 0 | 10 kA | Mate |
| Ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero | TVS 200 W | 200 W | 500 W | Mate |
| AC me te SPD | 40kA MOV | 40 kA | 40 kA | Ora |
He aha i Māmā ai ngā Kaihanga
Ko te utu me te wāhi te ture. Ka tāpirihia e te SPD te €90 me te 72 mm ki te reera DIN. I roto i te pakanga utu, he nui tēnā hei hinga i te tono. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā kaihanga ki te tohunga hiko o te papaanga ki te tāpiri i te toenga. E whakaatu ana te pukapuka i tētahi hoahoa waea me te mokowā SPD kau. Ka kī atu ahau ki ngā kaihoko: ko te rihi te haurua o te hua; ko te SPD o te papaanga te haurua kē atu.
Kei te tono tonu te Tiwhikete mō te SPD o waho
Ahakoa kei roto i te rihi hiko te tohu CE, te tohu UL rānei, ka mahia te tiwhikete i roto i tētahi taiwhanga ma me ngā ngaru whakakotahi 2 kV. Ko te uira tūturu he 6 kV me te 40 kA. E mōhio ana te whare whakamātautau ki tēnei, nō reira ka tuhia e rātou "me whai SPD ā-waho" i roto i te pūrongo. Ka tāruatia e au taua rārangi ki roto i taku korero kia rua ngā kitenga a te kaihoko i te tuhinga kotahi. Ka tāpirihia e ia te wāhanga, ā, ka moe pai māua.
He aha ngā mea ka puta mēnā kāore he parenga ngaru mō ngā utunga hiko?
Kei a au tētahi whakaahua o tētahi whakapā hiko dc kua rewa—me pana e ngā taraiwa ngā waka kia matara atu i te pou auahi.
Ki te kore he parenga ngaru hiko, ka mate ngā waeine hiko, ngā whakapā, me ngā papa whakawhitiwhiti i te patunga kotahi. Ka pōuri te rihi hiko, ka waiho e ngā taraiwa he arotake kino, ā, ka ngaro ngā hoko tae noa ki te taenga mai o ngā wāhanga hou. Ka kite ahau i tēnei i ia wā tupuhi.
Take Tūturu: Te Wāhi Huarahi Matua i Itari
E rua tekau ngā pou i tū i runga i te whāngai i runga i te puke. I pā te uira ki te whatunga hiko e 3 kiromita te tawhiti. I eke te titi ki te aho o runga ki roto i ia rihi hiko. I kati katoa ngā whakapā hiko dc i whakarewaina, ā, i pakaru ngā IGBT matua. E rima ngā rā i pōuri ai te papa. €42,000 te utu mō ngā wāhanga, €15,000 te tāpiri mō ngā hokonga i ngaro, ā, i utua e te kaiwhakahaere he whiu ki te mana whakahaere huarahi. Mā te huinga SPD €1,800 ka ora tonu te papa.
Te Mōrearea Ahi i Roto i te Kāpata
Ina poto te MOV i roto i te rihi hiko, ka taea te kukume i te 100 A tae noa ki te pakaru o te pūwāhi matua. Ka rewa te kirihou i te wera, ka mura te puehu. I kitea i tētahi wāhi i Texas te tahu o te rihi hiko ki te whenua. I whakarārangihia e te pūrongo a te ope ahi te "poto i puta mai i te ngaru hiko" hei take. I whakakahoretia e te inihua te utu nā te mea kāore i whakauruhia he SPD o waho. I taea e te wāhanga €90 te whakaora i te rihi hiko €12,000 me te piringa €50,000.
Ripanga o ngā Rahunga i Rekoatahia e Au
| Pae | Ngā utu | Tawhiti Patu | Ngā Wāhanga i Ngaro | Ngā Rā i Raro |
| Hangarau Mōhiohio Huarahi | 20 | 3 kiromita | 20 papa dc | 5 |
| Te Whare Hokohoko DE | 6 | 1 kiromita | 6 ngā taputapu hiko ā-hau | 2 |
| Tāone o te UK | 4 | 0.5 kiromita | 4 ngā papa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero | 1 |
| Me te SPD | tetahi | tetahi | 0 | 0 |
Te Whakahē a te Taraiwa me te Ngaronga o te Moni Whiwhi
Ka whakamahia e ngā taraiwa EV ngā taupānga e whakaatu ana i te tūnga ora. Mena kei te tuimotu tō pou mō ngā rā e rua, ka tukuna koe e te taupānga ki raro rawa o te rārangi. Ka taea e te maha o ngā hikoi te heke ki te 30%. Kotahi te whiu kino ka taea te whakakore i te ROI o te pae katoa. Mā te SPD iti ka noho tonu te rihi ki te ipurangi me tō waitohu i roto i te hinengaro o te taraiwa.
Te Whakapuakitanga Ture
He kirimana tuku kei ētahi pae tukutuku e oati ana mō te 97% o te wā mahi. Mēnā ka hinga koe i raro i taua tohu nā te pikinga o te utu, ka utua e koe he whiu. I utua e tētahi kaiwhakahaere he €8,000 hei utu i muri i te whakahē. He iti iho te utu o te SPD i te whiu kotahi marama. Ka tāpirihia e au te rarangi ki taku reta tuku kia kite ai te kaihoko i te mōrearea i roto i ngā tikanga moni.
He Aratohu mō te Parenga Ngaru mō ngā Utauta EV: Ngā Momo SPD me ngā Horopaki Whakamahinga?
Ka hoatu e au he mapi whārangi kotahi ki ia papaanga: Momo 1 kei te whāngai, Momo 2 kei te whata utu, Momo 3 kei te pouaka whakawhitiwhiti—he māmā noa iho, ā, he haumaru hoki.
Whakamahia te Momo 1 i te papa matua mō te uira, te Momo 2 i ngā papa-iti mō ngā ngaru hiko, me te Momo 3 i ngā raina whakawhitiwhiti mō ngā papa ngaohiko iti. Ka tukuna atu e au ngā kete me ngā tapanga kia kore ai e taea e te kapa te whakaranu.
Whāngai AC: Momo 1+2 40 kA
Ka pā tika te papa whakawhiti matua. Ka whakamahia e mātou he poraka MOV 40 kA 8/20 µs me te ngongo hiko 25 kA 10/350 µs i roto i te kēhi kotahi. Ka piri te waeine i te 1.2 kV, ā, ka uru ki tētahi reera DIN 36 mm. Ka tāpirihia e au he haki tirohanga me tētahi whakapā mamao. Ka honoa ngā waea whakapā ki te SCADA pae kia mōhio ai te rangatira ina ngenge te wāhanga.
Papa-iti mō te Utauta: Momo 2 20 kA
He motuhake te pūwehe i ia rarangi o ngā rihi. Ka tāpirihia e mātou he Momo 20 kA i muri tonu i te pūwehe. Me noho te taura ki te rihi i raro i te 10 m. Mena he roa ake te oma, ka tāpirihia e mātou tētahi atu Momo 3 ki te turanga rihi. He mono-mai te wāhanga, nō reira ka whakawhiti ora te hangarau. I whakawhitihia e tētahi wāhi i Parani e 6 ngā waeine i roto i te 15 meneti i te wā tina.
Putanga DC: Momo 2 600 V dc
Ka rere te taura hiko ā-hiko ki waho, ā, he rite tana mahi ki te pūihi. Ka whakamahia e mātou he Momo hiko ā-hiko 600 V Momo 2 e mau ana ki roto i tētahi pouaka polycarbonate i runga i te pou. Ka piri te wāhanga ki te 1.2 kV, ā, ka taea te tango i te 20 kA. Ka honoa ki waenganui i te whakapā me te putanga waka. Ka whakaatu te rama LED matomato i te OK; ko te tikanga o te whero he whakawhiti. E 500 ngā wahi kei Hamburg mō te tuku i te rā e whai ake nei.
Ripanga o te Rārangi Kōwhiringa mā te Wāhi
| Tauwāhi | Tūkino | Momo SPD | Whakatakotoranga | Maunga |
| Papa matua | Uira | Momo 1+2 | 40 kA 8/20 | Rēra DIN |
| Rārangi utu | I whakaaweahia | Momo 2 | 20 kA 8/20 | Rēra DIN |
| Putanga DC | Pūmau | Momo 2 dc | 20 kA 8/20 | Pouaka mēra |
| Raina whakawhitiwhiti kōrero | Iti V | Momo 3 | 5 kA 8/20 | RJ45 i roto |
Ngā Utu Tauira-Rā
Ka tāpirihia e ētahi pae he PV ki te tuanui. Ka taea e te pānga kotahi te pā ki te raina hiko rā, ka peke atu ki te pahi hiko dc. Ka whakamahia e mātou he SPD 1,000 V dc ki te whakakotahi hiko rā, me te SPD 600 V dc ki te rihi. Ka tohaina e ngā wāhanga e rua te pae whenua kotahi, nō reira ka noho ōrite te ngaohiko. Ka hokona e au he kete takirua me te tau wāhanga kotahi kia kore ai e wareware te kaihoko ki tetahi taha.
Te Ārai Ngaru mō te Tiaki me te Whakahaere i ngā Utauta EV?
E rima ngā rārangi e whakatakotoria ana e au ki ia pae tukutuku: tirohia, pāwhiritia, whakawhiti, takiuru, tautuhi anō—ka oti i raro i te rua meneti.
He māmā noa te tiaki: tirohia ngā rama LED i ia marama, whakawhitihia ngā kātere kua mate, ka tuhi i te rā. Ka tukuna atu e au ngā kete tāpiri me tētahi pepa takiuru kia kore ai te tīma o te papa e waea mai ki ahau mō te whakawhiti ngāwari.
Tirotiro Tirohanga ia Marama
Ka hikoi te tohunga hangarau o te pae i te rarangi, ka tatau i ngā rama LED matomato. Mā te matapihi whero ka mōhio kua maoa te MOV. Ka tuhia e ia te raupapa ki te rangitaki, ā, ka whakawhiti i te kātere i te wā okiokinga e whai ake nei. E 200 ngā pou a tētahi kaiwhakahaere o te UK; e 30 meneti te roa o te hikoi, ā, e 2–3 ngā waeine mate e hopukina ana i ia marama. Ka noho tonu te rihi ki te ipurangi, ā, kāore te taraiwa e kite i tētahi hapa.
Tohu Mamao mō ngā Pae Nui
I ngā huarahi nui, ka honoa e mātou te hononga maroke o te SPD ki te SCADA o nāianei. Ka puta he ira whero i runga i te HMI e kī ana "Kua mate te SPD." Ka īmēra mai te rūma whakahaere ki a mātou, ka tukuna atu he taputapu tāpiri, ā, ka whakawhitihia e te tohunga hangarau i te huringa e whai ake nei. Ka heke te wā whakatā mai i ngā hāora ki ngā meneti. Ka utua e au he $1.50 tāpiri mō te pana-iti, ā, ka penapenahia e au te $500 ki te kaihoko i roto i ngā hoko kua ngaro.
Ripanga o te MTTR mā te Hoahoa
| Hoahoa | Wā Whakawhiti | Ngā Utauta | Whakawhiti Ora? | Wā kore mahi |
| Mono-mai | 30 hēkona | Kāore | Āe | Kore |
| Waea mārō | 10 meneti | tīwiri | Kāore | 10 meneti |
| Me te tohu | 30 hēkona | Kāore | Āe | Kore |
| Kāore he tāpiri | 2 ngā rā | Tono + tuku | Kāore | 48 hāora |
Ngā Taonga o ngā Kāritara Tāpiri
Kei te tuku atu ahau i tētahi pouaka kirihou e pupuri ana i ngā kātereti e 10, ā, ka whakanohoia ki roto i te rūma ratonga. He waehere QR kei roto i te pouaka; ka matawaihia e te tohunga hangarau, ā, ka tukuna atu e mātou ngā whakakī anō i taua rā anō. I whakamahia e tētahi wāhi e 6 ngā kātereti i tētahi tau pōuri, ā, kāore i tatari mō tētahi taraka. Ko te utu mō te pouaka he $8, ā, kotahi te waea ratonga ka penapenahia, $200 te utu.
Te Tatau o te Oranga me te Mutunga o te Oranga
E 20 ngā pānga nui e roa ana i ia kātereti. Ka tāpirihia e mātou he tau ki te taha kia taea ai e te tohunga hangarau te tuhi i ngā pānga mai i te mita o te pae. Ina eke te tatau ki te 18, ka tukuna atu e mātou he mea hou. Ka kite te kaiwhakamahere i te ia o te wā, ā, ka tāpirihia te wāhanga ki te PO e whai ake nei. Kāore he tere, kāore he tāpiritanga wā, kāore he taraiwa riri.
Whakamutunga
Whakauruhia ngā SPD Momo 1+2+3, tirohia ngā LED ia marama, ā, whakawhiti tere i ngā kātere—ka noho ipurangi ō rihi, ka noho harikoa hoki ō taraiwa.