Neke atu i te 350GW te kaha o te pūnaha hiko photovoltaic o te ao i te tau kua hipa, ā, neke atu i te kotahi hautoru te takoha a Haina. Kua heke te utu o tēnei hangarau matomato e huri ana i te rā ki te hiko mā te 80% i roto i ngā tau tekau, engari kei te tūtaki ia ki te riri whakamate o ngā whiunga uira - i ngaro i tētahi teihana hiko i Arizona, i te Hononga o Amerika, te $2 miriona i mua nā ngā whiunga uira. Kua noho ngā parenga ngaru hei "taonga whakaora ora" o ngā teihana hiko, e tuku ana i ngā tekau mano o ngā volts o te ngaohiko uira ki te whenua mā roto i tētahi whatunga tiaki taumata-toru. I tohu ngā tohunga ahumahi i te pikinga o te ngaohiko o ngā pūnaha photovoltaic ki te 1500V, kei te arahi ngā taputapu tiaki i tētahi huringa hangarau i roto i ngā rauemi silicon carbide.

1.Pūnaha photovoltaic: te mana matua o te pūngao ma

1.1 He aha te Pūnaha Photovoltaic?

He pūnaha photovoltaic te pūnaha e huri tika ana i te pūngao o te rā ki te pūngao hiko. Ko ngā wāhanga matua e whai ake nei te nuinga:

- Ngā kōwae photovoltaic (ngā panera rā): Te whakamahi i te pānga photoelectric o ngā rauemi semiconductor (pēnei i te monocrystalline silicon, te polycrystalline silicon, ngā kiriata angiangi rānei) hei whakaputa i te au tika.

- Ngā kaitahuri: Tahurihia te iahiko tika ki te iahiko tauutuutu mō te whakamahinga o te whare, o te ahumahi rānei.

- Ngā pūnaha whakairi: Whakapūmautia ngā kōwae photovoltaic me te arotau i te koki o te whiwhinga o te rā.

- Ngā pākahiko rokiroki (whiringa): Penapenahia te hiko taikaha hei whakapai ake i te whakamahinga pūngao.

- Ngā pūnaha tohatoha me te aroturuki: Me whakarite kia pumau te putanga hiko me te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu o te tūnga whakahaere.

Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā pūnaha photovoltaic ki ngā momo hono-pūnaha (e hono ana ki te pūnaha hiko tūmatanui) me ngā momo waho-pūnaha (pūnaha hiko motuhake), ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tuanui whare noho, i ngā whare arumoni me ngā whare ahumahi, i ngā teihana hiko whenua nui, me te pūnaha hiko i ngā wāhi tūmatanui.

1.2 Te Tūnga Whanaketanga Ao o ngā Pūnaha Photovoltaic

I ngā tau tata nei, kua kitea te tipu tere o te mākete photovoltaic o te ao:

- Tauine tāutanga: Neke atu i te 350 GW te kaha tāutanga hou o te ao i te tau 2023, ko Haina, ko Ūropi, me te Hononga o Amerika ngā mākete matua e toru.

- Te whakaiti i te utu: Kua heke te utu o ngā waeine photovoltaic mā te neke atu i te 80% ki te whakaritea ki te 10 tau ki muri, ā, i ētahi rohe, kua heke te utu hiko taurite (LCOE) i raro i te 0.03 tāra US mō ia kWh.

- Te whakahoutanga hangarau: Kua neke atu i te 25% te pai o te whakaputa papatipu o ngā pūtau TOPCon me te HJT momo-N, ā, kua neke atu i te 33% te pai o te hangarau perovskite i roto i te taiwhanga.

2. Te tūranga me te hiranga o ngā pūnaha photovoltaic: te whakatairanga i te huringa pūngao

2.1 Ngā Painga Taiao: Te Whakaiti i ngā Tukunga Waro me te Whakatika i te Huringa Āhuarangi

Kāore he parahanga o te whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic puta noa i te tukanga. Ka taea e ia teihana hiko photovoltaic 1MW te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hauhā waro mā te 1,000 tāne ia tau, he rite ki te whakato i te 50,000 rākau. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), kua whakaitihia e te whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic o te ao ngā tukunga waro mā te neke atu i te 1 piriona tāne.

2.2 Ngā Painga Ōhanga: Te Whakaiti i ngā Utu Pūngao me te Waihanga Mahi

- Mō ngā Whare me ngā Pakihi: Mā te tauira "Te Whakamahi-ā-Whaiaro + Te Mana Tāpiri ki te Whatunga", ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te penapena i te 30% ki te 90% i runga i ngā pire hiko.

- Rautaki ā-Motu: E whakaaro ana te Mahere Tau Rima 14 o Haina kia eke te ōwehenga o te pūngao whakahou ki te 33% i te tau 2025, ā, ka hangaia e te umanga photovoltaic neke atu i te 3 miriona ngā mahi.

2.3 Te Haumarutanga Pūngao: Te Wetewete i te Whakawhirinakitanga ki te Wahie Pūmua

Whai muri i te pakanga i waenganui i a Rūhia me Ukraine, kua tere ake a Ūropi i tana mahere "whakaputa hiko photovoltaic me te penapena pūngao". I te tau 2023, i neke atu te kaha hou i te 60 GW, me te whai kia whakaitihia tōna whakawhirinaki ki te hau māori.

2.4 Uara Hapori: Te Whakatau i te Raru Hiko i ngā Rohe Kāore he Pūnaha Hiko

I ngā rohe tūmatanui o Āwherika, Āhia ki te Tonga me ētahi atu rohe, kua whakaratohia e ngā pūnaha photovoltaic waho-whatunga te hiko ki te neke atu i te 200 miriona tāngata, ā, kua pai ake ngā ratonga tūmatanui pēnei i te hauora me te mātauranga.

3. Ngā tūmomo riri e kore e kitea ki ngā pūnaha photovoltaic: kāore e taea te wareware i ngā tūponotanga o te ngaru hiko

Ahakoa he nui ngā painga o ngā pūnaha photovoltaic, nā ō rātou āhuatanga tāutanga o waho ka tūpono rātou ki ngā mōrearea nui o te ngaru hiko.

3.1 Ngā Pūtake me ngā Tūponotanga o ngā Ngaru

• Ngā pānga uira: Ka taea e ngā pānga uira tika, e ngā uira whakaoho rānei te whakaputa i ngā ngaohiko teitei ohorere o ngā tekau mano ngaohiko, ka kino pea ngā kaitahuri, ngā wāhanga, ka puta rānei he ahi.

• Ngā piki me ngā heke o te whatunga hiko: Ka taea e ngā mahi whakawhiti, ngā huringa ohorere o te kawenga, me ētahi atu, te whakanui ake i te ngaohiko hiko, te kino hoki i ngā taputapu hiko tairongo.

• Ngā pewa taha DC: Nā te nui o te ngaohiko DC i roto i ngā pūnaha photovoltaic (600V - 1500V) ka māmā ake te puta o ngā pewa pumau nā te tawhito, te kore rānei e pai te hononga o ngā raina, ā, he tino mōrearea tēnei.

Take: I te tau 2022, i pāngia tētahi teihana hiko photovoltaic i Arizona, USA, e te pakarutanga o te uira, ā, neke atu i te 2 miriona tāra US te nui o ngā mate.

3.2 Te Mahi Matua o ngā Pūrere Ārai Ngaru (SPD)

Ko te taputapu tiaki ngaru hiko (SPD) te "kaitiaki haumaru" o te pūnaha photovoltaic. Māna e whakarite te pumau o te pūnaha mā roto i ngā tikanga e whai ake nei

3.2.1 Te Tukunga o te Ngaohiko Teitei

Ka tukuna te uira, te iahiko pupuhi rānei ki roto i te whenua hei whakawhāiti i te ngaohiko i roto i te awhe haumaru.

3.2.2 Parenga Taumata-maha

• Taumata 1 (kei te pito o te rarangi photovoltaic): Ka aro atu ki ngā whiunga uira tika, me te kaha kawe iahiko neke atu i te 20kA.

• Taumata 2 (kei te pito o te inverter): Ka pehi i ngā ngaru hiko e toe ana, ā, ka tiaki i ngā taputapu nui.

• Taumata 3 (kei te pito tohatoha): Ka whakarato i te tiakitanga tika hei whakarite i te haumaru o te whakamahinga hiko o te pito.

3.2.3 Aroturukitanga Maamaa

Ngā whakaoho wā-tūturu me ngā whakatūpato mō te roanga o te ora, e whakaiti ana i ngā utu whakahaere me te tiaki.

4. He aha i whiriwhiri ai i tā mātou parenga ngaru? — He mea hanga motuhake mō ngā pūnaha photovoltaic

Hei kaiwhakarato matua mō ngā otinga tiaki ngaru i roto i te umanga, kei a mātou hua ngā painga matua e whai ake nei:

4.1 Te urutau hangarau ngaio ki ngā whakaritenga photovoltaic

- Manawanui ngaohiko teitei: Tautoko ana i te pūnaha 1500V DC, he nui rawa atu i te rohe 1000V o ngā SPD tuku iho.

- Parenga pewa DC: He taputapu pakaru ara iahiko tere kua hangaia, he wā urupare

- Ātete kaha ki te huarere: Taumata tiaki IP65, e mahi ana i roto i te whānuitanga pāmahana whānui mai i te -40℃ ki te 85℃, he pai mō ngā taiao uaua pērā i te koraha me ngā takutai moana.

4.2 Tiwhikete ā-Ao me te Whakapūmautanga Tutukitanga

- I whiwhi i ngā tiwhikete matua o te ao pēnei i te TUV, UL, me te IEC 61643-31, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te EU CE, US NEC 690 me ētahi atu ture.

- Ngā pūrongo whai i ngā rauemi silicon katoa, e ngāwari ana te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga arotake o te US UFLPA.

4.3 Te Whakapai Ake i ngā Ratonga Tāpiri Uara hei Whakapai Ake i te Wheako a te Kaihoko

- Ngā Otinga Whakarite: Hoahoahia ngā taumata tiaki i runga i te āhuarangi o te rohe me ngā āhuatanga o te whatunga hiko (pēnei i ngā whirihoranga whakarei ake mō ngā rohe e maha ana ngā whatitiri).

- Aroturuki Mamao: Ka taea te whakauru i te kōwae IoT whiriwhiri ki te tūāpapa whakahaere me te tiaki photovoltaic hei whakatūpato wawe i te hapa.

- Urupare Tere: Kei roto i ngā whare putunga o tāwāhi ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana, ā, ka whakaratohia te tautoko hangarau i roto i ngā hāora 48.

Take Kaihoko:

- I whakarato i tētahi otinga SPD katoa mō tētahi teihana hiko photovoltaic 300MW i Saudi Arabia, me te kore rawa o ngā whiunga uira i roto i ngā tau e toru.

- Whai muri i te hokonga mai a ngā kaihokohoko hiko photovoltaic whare Tiamana, ka heke te auau amuamu a ngā kiritaki mā te 90%.

5. Te titiro ki te heke mai: Ka whanake ngātahi te PV me te parenga ngaru

I te whanaketanga tonu o te hangarau photovoltaic ki ngā ngaohiko teitei ake (pēnei i ngā pūnaha 2000V) me te mohio nui ake, ka whakahoutia anō hoki ngā parenga ngaru i te wā kotahi:

- Matauranga: Ka matapaetia e te AI ngā mōrearea o te uira, ā, ka whakarerekē aunoa i ngā rautaki tiaki.

- Auahatanga rauemi: Ka whakarei ake ngā taputapu Silicon Carbide (SiC) i te tere urupare me te roa o te ora.

- Whakaurunga pūnaha: He mahi tahi hōhonu me ngā pūwhakawhiti me ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao hei hanga i tētahi whatunga tiaki whakauru "kaha + kore".

Whakamutunga

Kōwhiria he parenga pono hei tiaki i te heke mai o ngā photovoltaics

Ko te pūnaha photovoltaic te tūāpapa o te whakawhiti pūngao matomato, ā, ko te parenga ngaru te "raina parepare e kore e kitea" mō tana mahi pumau mo te wā roa. E whakapau kaha ana mātou ki te whakarato ki ngā kiritaki o te ao he otinga SPD whai hua me te tino pono, hei āwhina i ia watt o te hiko ma kia tae haumaru ki tōna ūnga.