1. Ināianei tūnga o te umanga photovoltaic (pūngao rā)

1.1 Te tipu tere o te mākete photovoltaic o te ao

I ngā tau tata nei, kua kite te umanga photovoltaic o te ao i te tipu tere. E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i te International Energy Agency (IEA), i te tau 2023, ko te kaha hou kua tāutahia o te mana photovoltaic o te ao kua neke atu i te 350 GW, ā, ko te kaha kua tāutahia katoa kua neke atu i te 1.5 TW. Ko ngā whenua me ngā rohe pēnei i a Haina, te Hononga o Amerika, Ūropi, me Īnia kua noho hei kaha matua ki te mākete photovoltaic.

- Haina: Hei te mākete hiko pūngao rā nui rawa atu o te ao, i tāpirihia e Haina neke atu i te 200 GW o te kaha hiko pūngao rā i te tau 2023, e 57% neke atu rānei o te kaha hou kua tāutahia o te ao. Ko te tautoko kaupapa here a te kāwanatanga, te ahunga whakamua hangarau, me te whakaiti i ngā utu ngā mea matua e akiaki ana i te whanaketanga o te umanga hiko pūngao rā o Haina.

- Ūropi: Nā te pānga o te pakanga i waenganui i a Rūhia me Ukraine, i tere ake te whakawhiti pūngao o Ūropi. I te tau 2023, neke atu i te 60 GW te kaha hou kua tāutahia mō te pūngao hiko o te rā, ā, he nui te tipu o ngā whenua pēnei i a Tiamana, Pāniora, me Hōrana.

- Te Hononga o Amerika: Nā te Ture Whakaiti Pikinga (IRA) i whakatenatena, ka tipu tonu te mākete hiko photovoltaic o te US, me te kaha hou kua tāutahia o te 40 GW i te tau 2023.

- Īnia: E kaha ana te kāwanatanga o Īnia ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou. I te tau 2023, kua neke atu i te 20 GW te kaha hou kua tāutahia mō te pūngao photovoltaic solar, me te whāinga kia eke ki te 500 GW o te kaha kua tāutahia mō te pūngao hou i te tau 2030.

1.2Te ahunga whakamua tonu i roto i te hangarau photovoltaic

Nā te auahatanga tonu i roto i te hangarau photovoltaic kua piki ake te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i ngā utu mō te whakaputa hiko o te rā:

- Ngā hangarau pākahiko tino whai hua pēnei i a PERC, TOPCon, me HJT: Ko ngā pūtau PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact) tonu te mea matua, engari ko ngā hangarau TOPCon (Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact) me HJT (Heterojunction) kei te whakawhānui haere i tā rātou wāhanga mākete nā te mea he nui ake te whai huatanga o te tahuritanga (>24%).

- Ngā pūtau pūngao rā perovskite: Hei hangarau photovoltaic o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei, kua eke ngā pūtau perovskite ki te 33% o ngā hua o te taiwhanga, ā, e matapaetia ana ka whai hua ā-pākihi ā muri ake nei.

- Ngā kōwae mata-rua me ngā maunga aroturuki: Ka taea e ngā kōwae mata-rua te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga hiko mā te 10% ki te 20%, i te mea ka arotauhia e ngā maunga aroturuki te koki o te pānga o te rā, ka whakarei ake i te pai o te pūnaha.

1.3Te kei te heke tonu te utu o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic

I roto i te tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, kua heke te utu o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic mā te neke atu i te 80%. E ai ki te IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency), kua heke te utu hiko ā-ao (LCOE) mō te hiko photovoltaic i te tau 2023 ki te 0.03 - 0.05 tāra US mō ia kWh, he iti iho i te whakaputa hiko waro me te hau māori, ā, koinei tētahi o ngā puna hiko tino whakataetae.

1.4 Te whanaketanga tahi o te rokiroki pūngao me te photovoltaic

Nā te āhua korekore o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic, kua noho te whakamahinga o ngā pūnaha rokiroki pūngao (pēnei i ngā pākahiko lithium, ngā pākahiko konutai-ion, ngā pākahiko rere, me ētahi atu) hei momo auaha. I te tau 2023, kua neke atu i te 30 GW te kaha hou kua tāutahia mō ngā kaupapa rokiroki photovoltaic me te pūngao o te ao, ā, e matapaetia ana ka mau tonu te tere tipu teitei i roto i te tekau tau e whai ake nei.

2. Te hiranga o te umanga photovoltaic

2.1 Te aro atu ki te āhuarangi te whakarerekē me te whakatairanga i ngā whāinga kore-waro

Kei te tere haere ngā whenua o te ao i tā rātou whakawhiti pūngao hei whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi. Ko te hiko o te rā, hei wāhanga matua o te pūngao ma, he mea nui ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga "kore waro". E ai ki te Whakaaetanga o Parī, i te tau 2030, me eke te wāhanga o te pūngao whakahou ki te neke atu i te 40% o te ao, ā, ka noho ko te hiko o te rā hei tētahi o ngā puna pūngao matua.

2.2 Te haumarutanga pūngao me te mana motuhake

He nui te awe o ngā mahi tōrangapū ki ngā pūtake pūngao tuku iho (pērā i te hinu me te hau māori), ā, he whānui te horapa o ngā rauemi pūngao o te rā, ā, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te pūngao kawemai. Hei tauira, kua whakaitihia e Ūropi tana hiahia mō te hau māori o Rūhia mā te whakatū i ngā tipu hiko photovoltaic nui, ā, nā reira ka whakarei ake i tōna mana motuhake ki te pūngao.

2.3 Te whakatairanga i te tipu ōhanga me te whai mahi

Kei roto i te mekameka ahumahi photovoltaic ngā hononga maha pērā i ngā rauemi silicon, ngā papa silicon, ngā pākahiko, ngā kōwae, ngā inverters, ngā brackets, me te rokiroki pūngao, ā, kua waihangahia e ēnei miriona mahi puta noa i te ao. Neke atu i te 3 miriona ngā kaimahi tika i roto i te ahumahi photovoltaic o Haina, ā, kei te tere haere te tipu o ngā ahumahi photovoltaic i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika.

2.4 Te whakapūmau i te hiko ki ngā taiwhenua me te whakaiti i te rawakore

I ngā whenua whakawhanake, ka whakaratohia e ngā whatunga hiko iti photovoltaic me ngā pūnaha hiko pūngao rā o ngā whare te hiko ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui, ā, ka whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga noho o ngā kainoho. Hei tauira, kua āwhina ngā "Pūnaha Kāinga Pūngao Rā" i Āwherika i ngā tekau miriona tāngata kia mawhiti mai i te āhua o te kore hiko.

3.Te hiahiatanga o te taputapu tiaki ngaru (SPD) i roto i te pūnaha photovoltaic

3.1 Ngā mōrearea o te uira me te ngaru e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha photovoltaic

Ko ngā teihana hiko photovoltaic ka tāutahia i ngā wāhi tuwhera (pērā i ngā koraha, ngā tuanui, me ngā maunga), ā, he tino ngoikore ki ngā whiunga uira me ngā pānga o te ngaohiko nui. Ko ngā mōrearea matua ko:

- Te pānga tika o te uira: He pānga tika ki ngā waeine photovoltaic, ki ngā tautoko rānei, ka pakaru ai ngā taputapu.

- Uira i puta mai: Ka puta he ngaohiko teitei i roto i ngā taura mai i te pā o te uira, ka kino ai ngā taputapu hiko pēnei i ngā inverters me ngā kaiwhakahaere.

- Ngā piki me ngā heke o te whatunga hiko: Tērā pea ka tukuna ngā ngaohiko nui rawa atu i te taha whatunga hiko (pēnei i ngā mahi pana, ngā hapa ara iahiko poto) ki te pūnaha photovoltaic.

3.2 Te Mahi a te Pūrere Tiaki Ngaru (SPD)

Ko ngā parenga ngaru ngā taputapu matua mō te tiaki i te uira me te tiaki i te ngaohiko nui i roto i ngā pūnaha photovoltaic. Ko ā rātou mahi matua ko:

- Te whakawhāiti i ngā ngaohiko tere: Te whakahaere i ngā ngaohiko teitei e puta mai ana i ngā whiunga uira, i ngā piki me ngā heke o te whatunga hiko rānei i roto i te awhe haumaru.

- Te tuku i ngā iahiko ngaru: Te tuku tere i ngā iahiko nui ki roto i te whenua hei tiaki i ngā taputapu o raro.

- Te whakapakari i te pono o te pūnaha: Te whakaiti i ngā rahunga taputapu me te wā kore mahi e puta mai ana i ngā whiunga uira, i ngā ngaru rānei.

3.3 Te whakamahinga o te SPD i roto i ngā pūnaha photovoltaic

Me hoahoa te parenga ngaru mō ngā pūnaha photovoltaic i roto i ngā taumata maha:

- Te parenga i te taha DC (mai i ngā kōwae photovoltaic ki te inverter):

- Tāutahia te Momo II SPD ki te pito whakauru o te aho hei ārai i te uira me ngā ngaohiko mahi nui rawa atu.

- Tāutahia te Momo I + II SPD ki te pito tāuru DC o te inverter hei aro atu ki te riri o te uira tika me te uira whakaoho.

- Te parenga i te taha AC (mai i te inverter ki te whatunga):

- Tāutahia te Momo II SPD ki te pito putanga o te inverter hei ārai i te urunga nui o te ngaohiko ki te taha whatunga.

- Tāutahia te Momo III SPD ki roto i te kāpata tohatoha hei whakarato i te tiakitanga tika mō ngā taputapu tairongo.

3.4 Ngā mea matua mō te whiriwhiri i ngā parenga ngaru

- Te taurite taumata ngaohiko: Me teitei ake te ngaohiko mahi tonu mōrahi (Uc) o te SPD i te ngaohiko pūnaha (hei tauira, me whai SPD me te Uc ≥ 1200V mō te pūnaha photovoltaic 1000Vdc).

- Te kaha o te au: Ko te au tukunga ingoa (In) o te SPD taha DC me ≥ 20kA, ā, ko te au tukunga mōrahi (Imax) me ≥ 40kA.

- Taumata parenga: Me tutuki i te tāutanga o waho te parenga IP65, teitei ake rānei, e tika ana mō ngā taiao uaua.

- Ngā paerewa tiwhikete: E tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga a te IEC 61643-31 (paerewa mō ngā SPD motuhake ki te photovoltaic) me te UL 1449 me ētahi atu tiwhikete o te ao.

3.5 Ngā mōrearea pea o te kore tāutanga o te SPD

- Te pakaru o ngā taputapu: He ngoikore ngā taputapu hiko tino tika pērā i ngā inverters me ngā pūnaha aroturuki ki ngā pānga o ngā ngaru hiko, ā, he nui ngā utu whakatikatika.

- Te ngaronga o te whakaputanga hiko: Ka mutu te pūnaha i ngā pānga o te uira, ā, ka pā kino ki ngā hua o te whakaputanga hiko.

- Tūponotanga ahi: Ka mura pea ngā ahi hiko i te kaha rawa o te ngaohiko, ka tū hei mōrearea ki te haumaru o te teihana hiko.

4. Ao Whānui Ngā Auahatanga o te Mākete PV Surge Protector

4.1 Te tipu o te hiahia o te mākete

I te tere o te pikinga o te kaha tāutanga photovoltaic, kua whānui haere hoki te mākete mō ngā parenga ngaru i te wā kotahi. E matapaetia ana ka neke atu te rahi o te mākete photovoltaic SPD o te ao i te 2 piriona tāra US i te tau 2025, me te tere tipu ā-tau (CAGR) o te 15%.

4.2 Te ahunga auaha hangarau

- SPD Atamai: Kei roto ngā mahi aroturuki o nāianei me te whakaoho hapa, me te tautoko i te mahi mamao.

- Ngā taumata ngaohiko teitei ake: Kua noho ko ngā SPD he nui ake ngā whakatauranga ngaohiko (pēnei i te 1500V) hei mea rongonui.

- Te roa o te ora: Te whakamahi i ngā rauemi hou tairongo (pēnei i te hangarau hiato konutea waikura), te whakarei ake i te pakari o ngā SPD.

4.3 Kaupapa Here me te Whakatairanga Paerewa

- Ko ngā paerewa o te ao pēnei i te IEC 62305 (Paerewa Tiaki Uira) me te IEC 61643-31 (Paerewa SPD Photovoltaic) e whakahau ana kia whakauruhia ngā pūnaha photovoltaic ki te tiaki ngaru.

- Kei roto i ngā "Whakatakotoranga Hangarau mō te Tiaki Uira o ngā Teihana Hiko Photovoltaic" (GB/T 32512-2016) i Haina ngā whakaritenga mō te whiriwhiri me te tāutanga mō te SPD.

5.Whakamutunga: Kāore e taea e te umanga photovoltaic te mahi me te kore he parenga ngaru

Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te umanga photovoltaic kua kaha te whakatairanga i te whakawhiti hiko o te ao. Heoi, kāore e taea te wareware i ngā pānga uira me ngā mōrearea o te ngaru hiko. Ko ngā parenga ngaru hiko, hei taurangi matua mō te whakahaere haumaru o ngā pūnaha photovoltaic, ka taea te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te kino o ngā taputapu, te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa hiko, me te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te pūnaha. I te heke mai, me te tipu tonu o ngā whakaurunga photovoltaic me te whanaketanga o ngā whatunga atamai, ka noho ko ngā SPD mahi-teitei me te tino pono hei wāhanga nui o ngā teihana hiko photovoltaic.

Mō ngā kaipupuri moni photovoltaic, ngā kamupene EPC me ngā tīma whakahaere me te tiaki, ko te whiriwhiri i ngā parenga ngaru kounga teitei e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa o te ao he mea nui hei whakarite i te mahi pumau mō te wā roa o te teihana hiko, me te whakanui ake i te hokinga mai o te haumitanga.