Me pēhea te whiriwhiri tika i tētahi taputapu tiaki ngaru (SPD)

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri tika i tētahi taputapu tiaki ngaru (SPD)

I. Ngā Paearu Kōwhiri Matua

1. Tīpakohia te Momo SPD i runga i te Taumata Tiakitanga

• SPD Akomanga I (Whakamātautau Momo 1): Kua tāutahia ki te tomokanga matua o te papa tohatoha hei ātete i ngā whiunga uira tika, i ngā whiunga uira rānei (aukume tukunga ≥12.5kA, 25kA~100kA e taunakitia ana). Whakamahia ngā SPD ranu (huinga GDT + MOV) kāore he aukume whai me te ngaohiko toenga iti.
• SPD Akomanga II (Whakamātautau Momo 2): Whakamahia i roto i ngā panera tohatoha-iti, i ngā taha rānei o te rūma taputapu hei whakawhāiti i te ngaohiko nui i puta mai (iahiko tuku 20kA~40kA). Ko ngā MOV whakawhāiti-ngaohiko me te ngaohiko toenga ≤1.5kV te mea noa.
• Akomanga III SPD (Whakamātautau Momo 3): Kua tāutahia ki te taha o ngā taputapu pūrua (hei tauira, ngā tūmau, ngā pana) hei tiaki i ngā taputapu tairongo (aukume tuku 10kA~20kA), me te ngaohiko toenga ≤1.2kV.

2. Whakatauritehia ngā Tawhā Pūnaha

• Ngaohiko Whakahaere Tonu Mōrahi (Uc): Me ≥1.15 ngā wā o te ngaohiko ingoa o te pūnaha (hei tauira, tīpakohia te Uc ≥440V mō te pūnaha 380V) hei karo i te whakaoho teka nā ngā piki me ngā heke o te ngaohiko.
   
• Taumata Parenga Ngaohiko (Ki Runga): Akomanga I SPD: Ki Runga ≤2.5kV
  Akomanga II SPD: Ki runga ≤1.5kV
  Akomanga III SPD: Ki runga ake i te ≤1.2kV Me whakarite kia ki runga ake i te ≤80% o te ngaohiko ātete o te taputapu.
     
• Wā Whakautu:
  Akomanga I SPD: ≤25ns
  Akomanga II SPD: ≤25ns
  Akomanga III SPD: ≤1ns

3. Ngā Whakaritenga Whakatakotoranga me te Tāutanga

• Ātete Whenua: ≤4Ω (≤10Ω i ngā wāhi oneone teitei), me te wāhanga whakawhiti o te arai whenua ≥25mm².
• Tauwāhi Tāutanga: Whakaritea te tata ki ngā taputapu tiakina, me te whakaiti i te roa o te arai (te roa katoa o te arai ≤0.5m) kia kore ai e whakapūpū te ngaohiko hiko.

II. Ngā Whakaaro Matua
1. Kōwhiringa Momo SPD

• SPD Whakawhiti-Ngaohiko (GDT): He nui te aukume tukunga (≥100kA) engari ka puta ngā mōrearea i muri i te aukume me te motuhanga hiko; he pai anake mō te tiaki Akomanga I.
• SPD Whakawhāiti-Ngaohiko (MOV): He iti te ngaohiko toenga engari he ngāwari ki te koroheke; me aroturuki tonu.
• SPD Ranu: Ka whakakotahi i ngā painga o ngā momo whakawhiti me ngā momo whakawhāiti; e taunakitia ana mō ngā pūnaha tiaki maha-wāhanga.

2. Te Whakaritenga i waenga i ngā Wāhanga

• Te mokowā iti rawa i waenga i ngā SPD o runga me o raro: ≥10m (whakawhiti + whakawhāiti) ≥5m rānei (whakawhāiti + whakawhāiti); ki te kore, tāutahia ngā taputapu wetewete.
• Te tikanga taunga pūngao: Ka mimiti te SPD o runga i te 80% o te pūngao, ka mimiti te SPD o raro i te 20%.

3. Parenga Tārua

• Ngā whati ara iahiko, ngā fiusi rānei e hono ana i ngā raupapa (te iahiko whakatauranga ≥1.5 ngā wā o te iahiko tonu SPD) hei ārai i te pikinga o te ara iahiko poto.
• Tīpakohia ngā SPD me ngā tohu pakaru mō te momotu aunoa me te whakaoho ina rahua.

4. Ngā Whakaritenga mō ngā Wāhanga Motuhake

• Pūnaha TN-C: Whakamahia te aratau 3+NPE, 3P+N rānei hei karo i ngā tūponotanga o te whakawhenua anō i te raina PEN.
• Pūnaha TT: Tāutahia te SPD i waenga i ngā rārangi N me PE hei ārai i te mura whakamuri o te rerekētanga pūmanawa.

III. Whakamātautau Manatoko Hoahoa
1. Whakamātautau Pupuhi Uira: Manatokohia te kaha o te SPD ki te tu atu i raro i te ngaru 10/350μs (Akomanga I) te ngaohiko toenga rānei i raro i te ngaru 8/20μs (Akomanga II/III).
2. Whakamātautau Pūmautanga Wera: Rere tonu te iahiko mō ngā hāora e 2 (50% o Imax), me te tirotiro i te pikinga o te pāmahana ≤60K.
3. Aroturuki i te Pirau: Whakamahia ngā pūoko kua hangaia hei aroturuki i te ia turuturu (uara noa

IV. Ngā Hapa me ngā Whakaotinga Noa  

Hapa 1: Te kore aro ki te momo whenua o te pūnaha, ka raru ai te SPD.
Otinga: Mō ngā pūnaha TN, tīpakohia te 3P+N; mō ngā pūnaha TT, tīpakohia te 3P+PE; mō ngā pūnaha IT, tīpakohia te 3P.
Hapa 2: Kāore i te rawaka te mokowā SPD, ka hua ake te pokanoa i waenga i ngā wāhanga.
Otinga: Kia mau ki te ≥10m i waenga i ngā SPD o runga/o raro, tāutahia rānei he inductors wetehono (≥1mH).
Hapa 3: Te kore e aro ki te parenga tārua, ka tūpono te ahi i muri i te ara iahiko poto o te SPD.
Otinga: Ngā fiusi honohono-raupapa (te iahiko whakatauranga ≥1.5 ngā wā o te iahiko tonu SPD).

Whakarāpopototanga  
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā SPD me arotake whānui i te ngaohiko pūnaha, te mōrearea uira, te kaha ātete taputapu, me te taiao tāutanga. Ko ngā SPD Akomanga I e aro nui ana ki te kaha tuku, ko te Akomanga II/III ia e aro ana ki te whakahaere ngaohiko toenga. Me ōrite ngā SPD tohu ki ngā momo atanga. Ko ngā tirotiro auau (hei tauira, te ia turuturu, te koroheketanga tinana) ka whakarite i te whai huatanga tiaki mō te wā roa.