Te Parenga Uira PV Taumata-Pūnaha: He aha te Hiranga o te SPD
E kore rawa e warewaretia e au te rā i whakangaromia ai e te uira kotahi te moni whiwhi mō ngā marama e ono i tētahi wāhi 5 MW i Arizona. Kotahi te uira i whakangaro i ngā inverters e 42—ā, i ngaro atu hoki tā mātou bonus Q4 me rātou. Nā taua huihuinga i whakarerekē te āhua o taku hoahoa i ia wāhi.
Ko ngā taputapu tiaki ngaru (SPD) anake te huarahi iti te utu hei aukati i te hiko uira kei haere mā roto i ngā aho DC me ngā pouaka whakakotahi AC.Ka tāutahia e au ēnei ki ngā pito e rua o ia taura. Mai i taua wā, kua heke aku kereme inihua ki te kore.
Mena he nui ake i te 500 kW o te pūngao rā tōu, pānui tonu. Māku e whakaatu ki a koe te huarahi tika e whiriwhiri ai, e whakanoho ai, e hoko ai hoki i ngā SPD kia kore ai e puta he pānga kino.
SPD Ehara i te Pūrere Tūkotahi i roto i Ngā Pūnaha PV LPS
I mua, i rite taku whakaaro ki ngā SPD ki ngā fiusi whakapaipai—tāpirihia, whakauhia ngā lugs, kātahi ka mutu. I mutu tēnā i muri i te peke tika atu i ngā SPD "motuhake" e toru, ā, i para tonu taku PC aroturuki. Nā taua rahunga i whakahou ake taku whakaaro ake tonu atu.
He wāhanga kotahi noa iho te SPD i roto i te pūnaha katoa pūnaha tiaki uira (LPS).Me mahi tahi me te here, te ārai, me te whenua kia piki ai, kia hinga ai hoki te hanganga katoa i te wā e pupuhi ana. Ehara tēnei i te ariā—he ao tūroa tēnei.
He aha i kore ai e angitu te whakaaro "solo SPD"
Kāore a Uira e aro ki ngā pepa raraunga—e whai ana i ngā ara ārai. I taku tāutanga i tētahi 1 000 V SPD ki roto i tētahi pouaka kirihou kāore he pereti tuara whakarewa, ka piko noa te whiu ki te tīwiri tata rawa atu, ā, ka tae ki taku MLPE. I tika te urupare a te SPD, engari ko te pūnahai rahua nā te mea i mānu te whare i te 40 kV mō te 3 µs.
Koinei taku e tohe nei mō ia kaupapa:
1. He whare whakarewa e herea ana ki te pae whenua kotahi me te kaitahuri.
2. Kei raro iho i te 0.5 m te roa o te mata i runga i te aho me te whenua.
3. He mowhiti parahi tahanga 6 AWG e hono ana i ia anga mō ia wae.
I raro iho i te $12 te utu mō ia aho mō ēnei mahi—engari i whakaitihia ngā karangatanga o taku pae tukutuku mā te 80%.
Ko te mekameka wāhanga-whā e hiahia ana ngā kaitirotiro katoa kia kite
E whā ngā tūemi ka manatokohia e au i mua i te kati a te ratonga i te momotu hononga:
1. Te taunga rererangi i runga ake i te ara aroturuki teitei rawa.
2. He ara iahiko e herea ana ki tētahi whatunga whenua 5 Ω.
3. Te hononga ōrite o ia wāhanga whakarewa.
4. Ngā SPD i runga i ngā raina DC, AC, me ngā raina tohu—ia ia he momotu wera me te IP66.
Ki te ngaro tetahi hononga, ka whiwhi koe i tētahi tohu whero. Ka tangohia e au ngā whakaahua o ia taahiraa, ka tāpirihia ki te kōpaki O&M. He pai ki ngā peeke ngā tuhinga—ā, kua whakapotohia aku tikanga utu mai i te 60 rā ki te 21.
| Wāhanga | Paerewa e whai ana ahau | Te utu mō ia 100 kW |
| Teihana rererangi | IEC 62305-3 | $240 |
| Kaiārahi iho | Parahi 50 mm² | $180 |
| whatunga whenua | 5 Ōhm, 3 tokotoko | $320 |
| DC SPD | IEC 61643-31 | $560 |
| AC SPD | IEC 61643-11 | $380 |
Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te SPD tika mō tō tāutanga PV
I te marama o Hune kua taha ake nei, i akiakihia ahau e tētahi kaiwhakarato ki ngā waeine 600 V "iti te utu, harikoa hoki" mō te aho 1 000 V. I ngā wiki e rua i muri mai, ka mura ngā MOV i te wā e tata ana—ā, ka kore e whai mana te pūtāhui inverter. I tangohia e au te mate, ā, i hangaia e au tēnei rārangi arowhai kia kore ai e puta anō.
E toru ngā uara ka tauritehia e au ki ia pae: te ngaohiko DC mōrahi, te iahiko ara-poto, me te taumata pānga ki te uira.Kātahi ka whiriwhiria e au tētahi SPD me te Uc he 20% neke atu i te Voc, me te Iimp he 12.5 kA (10/350 µs) neke atu rānei.
Te whakatauranga ngaohiko: te ture 1 200 V
Ka ine au i te Voc i te ata makariri rawa o te tau, ā, ka tāpirihia e au he 20%. I Denver, ko te hua he 1 080 V, nō reira i neke ake ai au ki te 1 200 V SPD. Kāore e tika ana te penapena $4 mā te whiriwhiri i te 1 000 V—ko te utu mō te rahunga kotahi he nui ake i te 500 SPD.
Te whakatauranga o nāianei: he aha te kore e ranea ai te 6.25 kA mō ngā pāmu nui
Ko te NEC 690 anake e hiahia ana ki te 6.25 kA (8/20 µs), engari ka pāngia ngā pāmu PV nui e ngā huihuinga maha-whiu. Ka inehia e au te Iimp mā te whakamahi i tēnei ripanga:
| Rahi o te pāmu | Te tihi e tumanakohia ana kA | Ota SPD Iimp I |
|
| 12.5 kA | 25 kA |
| 100 kW–1 MW | 25 kA | 50 kA |
| > 1 MW | 50 kA | 100 kA |
Mā te whakarea i te whakatauranga ka tāpirihia te $9 mō ia waeine—engari i whakaitihia e taku kaiinihua te piremi mā te 15%. Nā taua hekenga kotahi i utu te utu SPD mō tētahi papa 6 MW.
Te momotu wera me te tohu mamao
I ngaro i ahau tētahi aho 75 kW i te wera rawa o tētahi MOV, ā, ka mura. Ināianei ka hokona e au ngā SPD me te momotu wera me te whakaoho whakapā-maroke. Ka honoa e au ki te SCADA kia whiwhi ai te tīma i tētahi whakaoho i mua i te taenga atu o te haunga kirihou kua tahuna ki ngā hoa noho tata.
Ngā Wāhi Tāutanga SPD Matua mō tētahi PV LPS Pono
I mātakitaki ahau i tētahi kapa e whakairi ana i ngā SPD ki runga i te tatauo tētahi kāpata hurihuri. He rite ngā taura 1 mita ki ngā pūihi, ā, i uru tonu te whiu ki te pahi DC. I mutu ake, i hanga anō e au te waea o te papaanga i runga i aku ake utu—ā, i tuhia ēnei ture hei ārai i te hokinga mai o te mahi.
Puritia ngā taura kia iti iho i te 0.5 m, takaihia ngā takirua aho me te whenua, ā, whakamauhia ngā SPD ki te pereti whakarewa kotahi me te inverter.Mā tēnei ka noho te ngaohiko tuku-ā-roto ki raro i te 600 V—he haumaru mō ngā haurua-ā-ira 1 200 V.
Tauwāhi, tauwāhi, tauwāhi
Ka whakanohoia e au ngā SPD DC ki roto i te pouaka whakakotahi, kaua ki te inverter. Ka tapahia te roa o te mata ki te 25 cm. I te taha AC, ka tāutahia e au te SPD ki te papa wehenga-uta i muri tonu i te wehenga matua—hei tiaki i te inverter me te mita moni whiwhi.
Te āhua o te whenua e mahi pono ana
Herea te pito whenua SPD ki te pae parahi kotahi me te anga hurihuri. Whakamahia he waea 16 mm² kua whakatōkia ki te 20 Nm, kātahi ka whakahaere tika i te parahi tahanga 50 mm² ki te tokotoko whenua. Me iti ake te ātete mai i te SPD ki te whenua i te 0.1 Ω.
Ka tangohia e au ngā whakaahua o te pānui o te moroiti-ōhmmita—ka mutu te tautohetohe i waenganui i ngā miihini whiriwhiri.
Te hiri huarere me te parenga UV
I Īnia i te 45°C, i kōwhai, i ngatata hoki tētahi IP20 SPD i roto i ngā marama e ono. Inaianei kua tohua e au ngā whare tiaki IP66 me ngā repe UV-tūturu. He iti ake te utu mō te $3 tāpiri mō ia waeine i te hērakapeta ki tētahi wāhi koraha.
| Tūmahi | Te taputapu e whakamahia ana e au | Te wā mō ia aho |
| Taura whakakoi | Kaiwhakakore aunoa | 30 hēkona |
| Tūru whakapiko | Waipēhi 6 t | 45 hēkona |
| Te pou taipana M8 | Kī tāima 20 Nm | 15 hēkona |
| Whakamātautau porowhita whenua | Fluke 1625 | 2 meneti |
| Whakamātautau whakapā-maroke SCADA | Pona rorohiko | 1 meneti |
Kei raro iho i te ono meneti te roa o te tāutanga mō ia aho, nō reira kei raro iho i te $4 te utu mahi. Mā tēnā ka koi tonu taku tono EPC, ā, ka koa tonu taku PM.
Ngā Momo SPD me ngā Whakatauranga e Manakohia ana mō ngā Pūnaha PV
He pepa tinihanga iti kei roto i taku rūma raka e piri ana. Mā tēnei ka ārai i ahau i te whakaaroaro nui ina whakaatuhia mai e te kaihoko he pukapuka kanapa.
Mō ngā aho PV ≤ 1 500 V, ka tohua e au te Momo 1+2, 1 200 V Uc, 50 kA Iimp, IP66, me te momotu wera.
Mō te 480 V AC, ka whakamahia e au te 600 V Uc me te 100 kA Imax nā te mea he pakari te whāngai hiko.
Taku rārangi poto o ngā tauira kua whakamātauhia i te mara
| Waehere tauira | Ngaohiko | Iimp 10/350 | Imax 8/20 | Tohu mamao | Utu FOB Wenzhou |
| LKX-PV50 | 1200V | 50 kA | 100 kA | Āe | $18.90 |
| LKX-PV100 | 1200V | 100 kA | 200 kA | Āe | $29.50 |
| LKX-AC100 | 600V | 100 kA | 160 kA | Āe | $22.00 |
Kei a au te putanga 50 kA mō te 90% o ngā mahi. Mena kei te takutai moana o Florida te papaanga, ka piki ake ahau ki te 100 kA. Ko te roa o te wā arahi mai i taku wheketere he 12 ngā rā, ā, ka tukuna ia waeine me te pūrongo whakamātautau me te tiwhikete UL 1449 CB. Mā taua pepa ka whakaaetia ngā tikanga tāke i Hamburg, Los Angeles, me Mumbai, me te kore he pātai anō.
Ngā tau wāhanga ritenga mō ngā OEM nui
I te wā i hiahiatia ai e tētahi EPC Tiamana tētahi tauira 1 500 V me ngā taura MC4 kua oti te waea, i hangaia e mātou i roto i ngā rā e whitu. I tāpirihia e mātou he tau rangatū kua whakakōwaea kia taea ai e rātou te matawai i ia waeine ki roto i te SAP. Ko te MOQ he 200 noa iho ngā wahi, ā, ko te utu nui he $1.20. I penapenahia e rātou he $8 000 i roto i te mahi mara, nō reira i utua te mahi ritenga i te tukunga tuatahi.
Kei hea te hoko i ngā SPD pono mō te tiaki i te PV o te rā
I hokona e au i tētahi kaihokohoko o Shenzhen i mua, nāna i oati "UL āpōpō." Kāore i tae mai te tiwhikete, ā, e rima wiki te roa o taku ipu i Ōkātana. Ināianei ka tangohia e au te moni mai i te wheketere—ā, kua māmā ake te oranga.
Ka hokona tika e au ngā SPD mai i te wheketere Leikexing i Wenzhou.Nā rātou te kōnae UL, ka whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau tawhito 100%, ā, ka tukuna he tuku EXW, DDP rānei. Ka whiwhi ahau i te pūtāhui 24-marama me te kete tāpiri 2% mō ia ota.
He aha ahau ka mahue ai i a Alibaba mō ngā ota nui
He tino pai a Alibaba mō ngā tauira—ehara i te mea mō ngā ota $80,000. Ka rere ahau ki Wenzhou, ka tirotirohia te wheketere 2,000 m², ka tūtaki ki te QC, ka hainatia he kirimana anga. Ko taua haerenga $900 ka whakamanahia he tuku pono me te utu pumau mō ngā marama 18.
Ngā tikanga utu e tiaki ana i ngā taha e rua
Ka mahi ahau me te 30% te utu tāpui me te 70% mō te pire uta. Whai muri i taku ota tuarua, i whakaaetia e rātou ngā tikanga. Mō te nama, ka whakatuwherahia e rātou ki te $1M ina neke atu te nui o te moni ā-tau i te $200k—i te haurua o te reiti huamoni o taku peeke.
Ngā kōwhiringa whakahaere e whakamahia ana e au
| Aratau | Te wā whakawhiti | Te utu mō ia waeine (10 mano ngā wahi) | Taumata mōrearea |
| Moana LCL | 28 ngā rā | $0.38 | Iti |
| Moana FCL | 24 ngā rā | $0.18 | Iti |
| Air DDP | 7 ngā rā | $1.40 | Waenga |
| Reriwe ki DE | 18 ngā rā | $0.55 | Iti |
Mō ngā mahi i Texas, ka tono ahau i te FCL ki Houston. Mō ngā kiritaki Tiamana, ka whiriwhiria e au te tereina ki Duisburg, ā, ka oti i ahau ngā mahi a te EU i roto i ngā hāora. Ahakoa pēhea, ka tukuna mai e te tīma utanga he GPS aroturuki me he tāurunga tikanga i mua i te taenga mai o te ipu. Ka tukuna atu e au aua raraunga ki taku kiritaki, ā, ka rite ahau ki tētahi toa ahakoa kāore au e pā ki tētahi papa.
Whakamutunga
Kaua e tatari kia tae mai te awha e whai ake nei hei whakatau i tō tahua tiaki.
Whakapā atu ki Leikexingmō ngā utu OEM, ngā tauira 1 500 V, he whakatau tata PV SPD katoa rānei.
Mā te īmēra kotahi ka taea e tō pae tukutuku te penapena $20,000 i te wā e puta ai te uira e whai ake nei—kia whiwhi moni tonu tō tipu rā, kaua e tahuna.
Ngā Pātai Auau
1. He aha te Pūrere Ārai Pupuhi PV?
Ka tiakina e te Pūrere Ārai Ngaru PV ngā pūnaha rā mai i ngā ngaohiko tere e hua mai ana i te uira, i ngā takahanga whakawhiti rānei.
2. He aha te hiranga o te tiaki i ngā ngaru hiko o te rā mō ngā pūnaha PV?
Ka ārai te parenga o te ngaru rā i te rahunga o te inverter, te kino o te aho DC, me te ngaronga hiko, kia mau ai te pono o te pūnaha mō te wā roa.
3. Me whai Pūrere Tiaki Ngaru DC me AC mō te pūngao rā?
Āe. A Pūrere Tiaki Ngaru DC mō te rā e tiaki ana i te taha o te rarangi PV, i te mea he Pūrere Tiaki Ngaru AC mō te rā tiaki i te putanga inverter me te hononga whatunga.
4. Āhea me whakamahi ahau i tētahi Pūrere Ārai Ngaru Momo 1+2?
He Momo 1+2 SPD e taunakitia ana ina pāngia ngā pūnaha PV e te uira tika, e te uira tata rānei, e tuku ana i te tiakitanga whakakotahi i roto i te taputapu kotahi.
5. He aha te hiranga o te IEC 61643 mō te tiakitanga uira PV?
Te IEC 61643 Pūrere Tiaki Ngaru Mā te paerewa ka tutuki i te SPD ngā whakaritenga haumaru me te mahi ā-ao mō ngā tāutanga PV.