Me pēhea te wehewehe i waenga i te Pūrere Tiaki Ngaru (SPD) me te taputapu ārai uira?

I paraihia e au tētahi papa CNC $20,000 te utu nā te mea i whakaranua e au ngā pouaka e rua o te panera.

Ka mea atu ahau ki ngā kaihoko: he kaitiaki te SPD i roto i te panera e aukati ana i ngā ngaru poto, koi; he kaitiaki te ārai uira i runga i te tuanui e huri ana i te pūtu nui ki te whenua. He rite tonu te āhua o rāua, engari he rerekē rawa ngā huarahi e penapena ai i tō pēke moni.

Pānuihia tonutia, ā, māku e whakaatu atu ki a koe ngā tapanga tuturu, ngā tau whakamātautau, me ngā āputa utu ka tirohia e au ina tomo ahau ki tētahi wheketere kia kore ai koe e whakapoauau anō i a rātou.

He aha te Pūrere Tiaki Ngaru (SPD)?

I tērā tau i whakawhitihia e au te "pouaka ngaru" hē i roto i tētahi wheketere kirihou i Florida, ā, i kati au i te mahi mō ngā huringa e rua.

Ka kiia e au te SPD he pana tere e tapahi ana i te 6 kV ki te 600 V i roto i ngā nanohekona kia ora ai ngā puku, ngā PLC, me ngā rama i ngā pupuhi o ia rā e pā ana ki te hiko matua.

I roto i te pouaka whakarewa

E toru noa ngā wāhanga o te SPD: ngā momo whakawhiti waikura whakarewa (MOV), he ngongo tuku hau, me te momotu wera. He rite te mahi a te MOV ki te takirere aunoa. Ina peke te aho ki runga ake i te ngaohiko whakapūmau, ka heke te ātete MOV mai i te mega-ohm ki te ohm, ā, ka tukuna te iahiko tāpiri ki te waea kūpapa. Ka whakahaerehia e te ngongo hau ngā rau nanohekona tuatahi kia kore ai e rewa te MOV. Mena he roa rawa te piko ka wera rawa ngā wāhanga, ka tuwhera te fiusi wera, ā, ka mangu te matapihi whero iti. Ka tohutohu tēnei i te tiaki kia whakauruhia he kātere hou, kia kati hoki te kuaha. Kāore he mahi tuanui, kāore he kereini, kāore he kaimahi hiko e mau ana i te whitiki.

Ngā tau ka tuhia e au ki te kōrero

Ka tukuna atu e au he ripanga rārangi kotahi ki ia kaihoko kia taea ai e te miihini o te tipu te tirotiro i te tuhi o te papa i roto i te rima hēkona:

He pūrākau noa ka patua e au i roto i ia waeatanga

"Mā te SPD ahau e whakaora i te uira." Kāore. Mā te SPD koe e whakaora i ngā toenga e tomo mai ana i muri i te mahi taimaha a te kaihopu i runga i te pou. Ki te tumanako koe ka pā te SPD ki te 100 kA, ka pakaru ngā kōpae MOV, ka rewa te pouaka kirihou. Ka hokona tonutia e au te takirua: te kaihopu i waho, te SPD i roto.

He aha te mea he Pūmau Uira?

I tū ahau i runga i te tuanui o tētahi whare putunga i Texas i te tau 2022, ā, ka kite ahau i tētahi tokotoko he remu porcelain pakaru; i whakaaro te kaiwhakahaere o te wheketere he "mea whakarewa noa iho".

Ka kiia e au te pūwero uira he takirere whakaiti pēhanga ngaohiko-tiketike; ka hoatu he ara tika ki te whiu uira 200,000 amp ki te whenua kia kore ai te whare e pāngia e te whiu.

Te mahi a te āputa mura

Kei waenganui i te raina o runga me te whatunga whenua te pūmau hiko. Kei roto he puranga poraka varistor. I raro i te ngaohiko raina noa, he ara iahiko tuwhera te puranga. Ina pā te kapua, ka peke te ngaohiko ki ngā miriona volts. Ka tere te rere o ngā poraka varistor, ā, ka rere te iahiko i raro i te kaikawe parahi ki raro ki te tokotoko whenua. Ina mutu te ngaru, ka kati anō ngā poraka, kia mau tonu ai te whāngai kawenga o te raina. E 100 maikorohekona te roa o te huihuinga katoa. Mena he iti te utu, he pakaru rānei ngā poraka, ka noho mahana tonu; koia ahau i tono ai kia tirohia he matawai wera i ia tau.

Ngā akomanga hiko ka kitea e koe i runga i te papa ingoa

E toru ngā momo o ngā pū ārai mate e whakahuatia ana e au kia taea ai e te kaihoko te whakataurite i te ngaohiko o te ratonga:

Te rerekētanga utu i waenga i a Haina me A-brand

He pūmau pūhiko polymer 33 kV nō taku raina Wenzhou e whai ana i te IEC 60099-4, ā, ko te utu he $49. Ko te āhua kotahi nō tētahi rārangi putunga hiko kikorangi o Ūropi e whakarārangi ana i te $210. I tukua e au a Jeff kia whakahaere i tētahi whakamātautau hiko 15 kV i Houston, ā, ko te rerekētanga ngaohiko toenga he 3% noa iho. I tono ia i ngā wahi e 200 mō tētahi pāmu hau, ā, i penapenahia e ia te $32,000.

Tāutahia te mahanga e ngaro ana i te nuinga o ngā kaihoko

Me pupuri e koe he hiku parahi 1 mita te roa, ki te kore ka huri te hiko hiko ki te 1000 V ia mita, ā, ka peke te pūtu ki te taha. Ka tukuna e au he tauira tānga mō ia tukunga kia kore ai e taea e te kaiwhakatū te whakapiko i te waea kia rite ki te koiri kia "ahua pai".

He aha ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i te SPD me te Lightning Arrester?

I ngaro taku ota anō i tētahi wā nā te mea i tukuna e te kaihoko ngā taonga e rua ki raro i te "surge stuff" ā, i hokona mai e ia ētahi atu taputapu ārai e rua mō te kāpata.

Kei roto i taku pōke tētahi kāri tinihanga: ka taea e te arrester te pupuri i te pānga uira nui 100 kA i waho, ka kumea e te SPD ngā toenga uira iti 20 kV ki roto; he rerekē te kaha, te tere, te wāhi, me te utu.

Reihi pūngao – 1000 : 1

Ka taea e te whiunga tika o te uira te tuku i te 1000 megajoules. Ko taku pūmau nui rawa atu 33 kV kua whakamatautauria kia mimiti i te 10 kJ/kV, tata ki te 300 kJ katoa. Ka whakamatautauria he SPD panera ki te 320 J anake mō ia kōpae varistor. Koia mātou e whakarite ana i a rātou: ka kai te pūmau i te mīti, ka kai te SPD i ngā kongakonga.

Reihi tere – 1 vs 100 maikorohekona

Ka ara ake te pū i roto i te kotahi maikorohekona. Ka pupuhi te āputa hau i roto i te ārai i roto i te 0.1 µs. E 25 nanohekona te roa e hiahiatia ana e te MOV i roto i te SPD, engari kei muri i te taura roa, nō reira kua puhoi kē te taha mua. Ki te whakawhitihia ngā mea e rua, ka pahū te MOV i mua i te oho ake o te ārai.

Reihi utu – 50 : 1

$49 te pūwero, $18 te pūwero iti. Whakatakotoria te mea utu nui ki te tuanui ina kotahi anake te waeine e hiahiatia ana, me te mea iti te utu ki ia panera ina rua tekau ngā waeine e hiahiatia ana.

Me pēhea te tiaki a te SPD i ngā taputapu hiko?

I kite ahau i te ngaronga o ngā puku auau-taurangi e toru i roto i te marama kotahi i tētahi toa taro o Florida, ā, tae noa ki te motuhia e mātou ngā SPD DIN-rail e rua puta noa i te pahi.

Ka whakamārama ahau ki ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu he rawhi hiko te SPD; ka kite ia i te pikinga e haere mai ana, ka patuki i te tatau, ā, ka tukuna noa te hiko 600 V haumaru ki ō PLC me ō puku.

Hipanga-i-te-taahiraa i roto i ngā kupu māmā

1. Ka tomo te titi ki te Raina 1.
2. Ka kite te MOV i te nui o te ngaohiko, ā, ka hinga tōna ātete.
3. Ka panaia te ia tāpiri ki te taha ki roto i te pae kūpapa.
4. Kāore te ngaohiko i waenga i te Raina 1 me te Raina kūpapa e piki ake i te 1.2 kV.
5. Ka kitea noa e te wāhanga tāuru puku te 480 V me te iti o te ngaru hiko, ā, ka haere tonu.

Ngā tau tūturu mai i taku papa whakamātautau

I koperehia e au he ngaru 6 kV 3 kA 8/20 µs ki roto i te SPD 40 kA. Ko te ngaohiko toenga i runga i ngā waea putanga he 960 V. Ka taea e te puku 480 V paerewa te ora i te 1.5 kV, nō reira ko te tawhā he 540 V. I tono a Jeff kia 20% te tawhā haumaru; i whiriwhiria e mātou te tauira 60 kA, ā, i riro mai i a mātou he 780 V toenga. I mutu tana hoko puku tāpiri.

Tepu ka waiho e au me ngā tīma tiaki

Ki te rahua tētahi pouaka, nekehia te kātereti ki waho ka tāpirihia he mea hou. Kāore he tīwiri, kāore he whakaweto.

Me pēhea te tiaki a te pūārai uira i ngā pūnaha hiko?

I mātakitaki ahau i tētahi aho 33 kV i Īnia e whiti ana, e whakarewa ana i te 200 mita o te konumohe, tae noa ki te wā i tāuta ai e mātou ngā ārai pūmua ki ia pou.

Ka mea atu ahau ki ngā kaihoko hiko: he takirere whakaiti pēhanga te ārai hiko mō te rangi; ka hopukina e ia te ngaru miriona-volt ka ringihia ki te whatunga whenua i mua i te kohua o te hinu whakawhiti hiko.

Te whakatauranga ngaohiko me te ngaohiko pūnaha – te ture 25%

Kōwhiria he pūmau hiko e 75% te kaha o te pūnaha hiko raina-ki-raina. Mō tētahi pūnaha 33 kV, ka whiriwhiria e au he pūmau hiko 30 kV. E 25% te tawhiti e puta mai ana i tēnā, nō reira, kāore te pūmau hiko e rere i runga i ngā ngaru noa, engari ka mura tonu i raro iho i te taumata whakamahana waea o te 170 kV.

Te tirotiro pūngao me te roa o te arataki-iho

Ka piki ake te kaha me mimiti e te pūwero me te tapawhā o te ia o te whiu me te roa o te hiku parahi. Ka whakamahia e au te tātai E = 0.5 × L × I². Mō te whiu 100 kA me te 1 µH/m i runga i te hiku 2 m, E = 0.5 × 2 × 100 000² = 10 MJ. Kua whakamatautauria taku pūwero 33 kV ki te 10 kJ/kV × 30 kV = 300 kJ. Me kai e te whatunga whenua te toenga, nō reira ka tohe ahau kia ≤4 Ω te ātete whenua.

He rangahau take – he pāmu hau i Texas

100 ngā tāwhana, ia tāwhana he aho kohikohi 34.5 kV. I whakauruhia e mātou tētahi pūmau hiko i ia pou tuatoru, ā, i ia whakawhiti hiko. I ngā tau e rua i muri mai, ka pā te pānga tika ki te wāhanga B. Ka mura te pūmau hiko, ka tuwhera, ka katia te pūmau hiko, ā, kāore i mutu ngā tāwhana. Me i kore ngā pūmau hiko, kua utua e te kamupene hiko te $50,000 hei whiunga mō te ngaronga o te whakaputanga.

He aha ngā whakamahinga noa o ngā SPD me ngā Pūpare Uira?

I haere ahau ki roto i tētahi wheketere hū o Whitināmu, kua pau i a ia te $8,000 ki ngā tokotoko tuanui, ā, kāore he $0 ki ngā panera; i rahua tonu ā rātou mīhini CNC i ngā wā katoa.

Ka tuhia e au tētahi ture māmā ki te papa mā: mā ngā ārai te whatunga i waho e tiaki, mā ngā SPD ngā maramara i roto; whakatakotoria ia maramara ki te wāhi i whakamatautauria ai, ki te kore ka rua ngā wā ka pau te moni.

Te wāhi e hokona ai e au ngā SPD

- Ngā puku auau-rerekē i roto i ngā raina whakaputa kirihou

- Ngā whata PLC i roto i ngā whare whakapūkara

- Ngā rama hākinakina LED i runga i ngā ara iahiko 480 V

- Ngā papa tāuru UPS pokapū raraunga

Te wāhi e hoko ai au i ngā pūwero

- Ngā raina hiko 33 kV e whāngai ana i ngā mira hinu nikau

- Ngā whakawhiti hiko whakaneke hau-tāpoi

- Ngā pouaka whakakotahi hiko pūngao rā 1500 V DC

- Ngā teihana tereina e kukume ana i ngā rerewē

Ngā mahi whakauru – ngā taputapu e rua

Ngā hōhipera: ngā ārai i runga i te hiko 11 kV, ngā SPD i runga i ia papa.

Ngā pokapū raraunga: ngā ārai raraunga i te rūma pupuri raraunga, ngā SPD i runga i te UPS, ngā SPD anō i runga i ngā whata tūmau.

Te whare hanga kirihou hou a Jeff: 30 ngā taputapu hopu i te pou, 120 ngā SPD i roto i te whare hanga. I mutu tana hoko kāri I/O tāpiri.

Kei hea te nuinga o te wā ka tāutahia ngā SPD me ngā Arresters Uira?

I kite ahau i tētahi kapa tiaki e whakapiri ana i tētahi SPD ki te tuanui; i pupuhi te awha tuatahi i ngā varistor mā roto i te taupoki kirihou.

Ka hoatu e au ki ia kaiwhakatū he pikitia whārangi kotahi: kei runga i te pou, i te taha rānei o te tuanui te pūmau ārai, kei roto i te tatau o te panera te SPD i runga i te rēra DIN 35 mm; kia poto, kia tika hoki ngā waea, ki te kore ka hinga te hiko i te wāhanga.

Pepa tinihanga whakakorenga rīpene i roto i ngā tatau panera

Te hoahoa o te tuanui ka tuhia e au mā Jeff

1. Te taunga hau (tokotoko) i te kurupae teitei rawa.
2. Pūwero parahi 2 AWG, te ara poto rawa atu ki te rakau whenua.
3. Kua whakamau te taura hopu ki te pakitara, te taha aho ki te pūnaha whakahaere, te taha oneone ki te tokotoko kotahi.
4. I roto i te papa whakawhiti matua, he hononga SPD kei runga i te pahi, he whenua ki te pae parahi.

Kotahi te whatunga whenua, e rua ngā mahi, kāore he whakapoauautanga.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te taputapu tika mō ō hiahia?

I tukuna mai e tētahi kaihoko i Mareia he RFQ mō ngā "mea piki tere" ā, i whakahuahia e au te 500 o ia mea; ko ngā SPD anake i hiahiatia e ia.

E toru aku pātai: he aha te ngaohiko kei runga i te waea, he aha te kaha ka pā ki a ia, ā, kei hea te waea? Whakautua ēnei, ā, ka tuhia te tau wāhanga.

Rākau whakatau ka īmēra atu ahau ki ngā kaihoko

1. Kei mua i te mita, kei muri rānei te waea?

– I mua → te pūmau.

– Whai muri i → haere ki te 2.

2. Nā te uira te titi, nā ngā kawenga o roto rānei?

– Uira → ārai i waho + SPD i roto.

– VFD, mīhini whakarewa, kaiwhakapā → SPD anake.

3. He aha te ngaohiko o te pūnaha?

– 120 V, 277 V, 480 V, 690 V → tīpakohia te SPD me te Uc 15% i runga ake i te ingoa.

– 6 kV, 11 kV, 33 kV → te pūmau here i whakatauria ki te 75% o te ngaohiko raina.

Ripanga tīpakonga tere ka tāia e au ki runga i ngā tohutoro

Tāruatia te rarangi, hainatia te PO, katihia te kōnae.

Me pēhea te tiaki me te whakamātautau i ngā SPD me ngā taputapu ārai uira?

I rere ahau ki Tiamana i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi kua taha ake nei nā te mea i mangu te matapihi SPD i muri i ngā marama e ono noa iho; kua honoa whakamuri te waea o te tipu ki te taura kūpapa.

Ka whakangungu au i ngā kapa: tirohia te matapihi i ia hauwhā, ine i te turuturu kotahi i te tau, me te matawai i ngā ārai wera i muri i ia tupuhi; ki te 10 °C te wera ake o te tinana o te ārai i te pāmahana o te taiao, whakawhitihia i mua i te pahūtanga.

He rārangi arowhai kotahi whārangi ka whakapirihia e au ki ngā tatau panera

Kete wāhanga tāpui ka tukuna atu e au me ia ota

- 5% ngā kātere MOV tāpiri mō ngā SPD

- 2 ngā whare pūwero tāpiri mō ngā ārai

- 1 te inemahana pūwero, tauira DT-380

Kei roto i te rūma rokiroki ngā kete a Jeff; kua heke te wā kore mahi mai i te 8 hāora ia tau ki te kore.

Whakamutunga

Kua hanga e au he wheketere e 2,000 m² te rahi, ā, kua tukuna atu e au e 300,000 ngā taputapu mā te tirotiro i tētahi ture māmā: te ārai i waho, te SPD i roto.

Whakatuwheratia tō panera, tirohia ngā waea, ka tono i te kaitiaki tika i tēnei rā tonu—ka mihi atu ō mīhini me tō kaikaute ki a koe.